ABS AUDI S8 2010 Owners Manual
[x] Cancel search | Manufacturer: AUDI, Model Year: 2010, Model line: S8, Model: AUDI S8 2010Pages: 384, PDF Size: 90.95 MB
Page 17 of 384

AIR Airbag system
BAG ~
/ : Lane assist (system is ready)
L ane assist (system is not ready)
¢ Left t urn signal
D High beam
!D
Fog lights
Rear fog lights
Tire pressure monitoring system*
M alfunction Indicator Lamp (MI L)
I. "fi'
Safety bel t
-Adaptive Air Suspension
~ Adaptive A ir Suspension
Q
Right turn signal
--
CRUISE
USA models:
Cruise contro l act ivate d
c;)~ Canada models :
Cruise control activated
USA models:
Ant i-lock brake system (ABS) defective
Controls and equip
ment Safety first
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Instruments and warning /indicator lights
Canada models: => page 19
Anti-lock brake system (ABS) defective
PARK USA m odel s: =:>page20
BRAK E Electromechan ica l parking brake
(®) Canada models: =:> page 20
Electromechanical parking brake
BRAKE
USA models: =:> page20
Bra ke ma lf u ncti on
Canada models: =:>page20
B rake malfunction
-
Vehicles wi th the Adapt ive Cr uise Control* have the following add i-
tional check lamps:
II II c;::::::::, Open road => page 135
c;::::::::, II II c;::::::::, Driving in traffic => page 135
c;::::::::, II II c;::::::::, Request for dr iver to =>page 135
assume cont rol
& WARNING
• Failure to heed warning lights and other important veh icle
information may result in serious personal injury or vehicle
damage.
• Whenever stalled or stopped for repair , move the vehicle a safe
distance off the road, stop the engine, and turn on the emergency
fla sher =>
page 63.
• The engine compartment of any motor vehicle is a potentially
hazardous area. Before you check anything in the engine com part -
ment, stop the eng ine and let it cool down . Always e xercise
extreme caution when working under the hood=>
page 281,
"Engine compartment " ..
Vehicle care Technical data
Page 18 of 384
![AUDI S8 2010 Owners Manual Instruments and warning /indicator lights
(I] Tip s
Many fun ct ions a re mon itored by the Auto-Check system=> page 26.
Malf unctions or faults will be identified either with a red AUDI S8 2010 Owners Manual Instruments and warning /indicator lights
(I] Tip s
Many fun ct ions a re mon itored by the Auto-Check system=> page 26.
Malf unctions or faults will be identified either with a red](/img/6/57617/w960_57617-17.png)
Instruments and warning /indicator lights
(I] Tip s
Many fun ct ions a re mon itored by the Auto-Check system=> page 26.
Malf unctions or faults will be identified either with a red symbol
(pr iority
1-Dange r!) or with a ye llow symbo l (prio rity 2 -Warn ing). •
Electronic power control C
This warning/indicator light monitors the electronic
power control.
The warn ing/indicator light (Electro nic Power Control) illumi-
nates when you turn on the ignition as a function check .
(I] Tips
If this warning/indicator light illuminates while you are driving, then
there is a malfunct io n in the engine electron ics . Have the ma lfunct io n
corrected as soon as possib le by your authori zed Audi dealer or qual
ified repair fac ility. •
Generator 0
This warning/indicator light detects a malfunction in the
generator or in the vehicle's electrical system.
T he O warning/ind icator light illum inates when you sw itch on the
ignition and must go out after the engine has started .
If the O warning/indicator light illum ina tes while you are d riving,
you should contact your authorized Audi dea ler. Since the veh icle
bat tery is d ischarging, you shou ld switch off any unnecessary elec
trical consumers (for example, the air conditioner) .
0 Note
If the _f_ warn ing/ indicator light (malfunction in the eng ine cooling
system) in the instrument cluster sho uld ill uminate =>
page 29, stop the vehicle and turn off the engine
. The water pump is not working -
t his ca n cause e ngine damage. •
Electronic stabilization program (ESP) ,
This warning/indicator light monitors the electronic
stabilization program .
The war ning/ indicator lig ht has t he fo llow ing funct ions:
• It blinks while you are driving when the ESP is working .
• It illumina tes when yo u sw itch on the ignition for approximate ly 2
seconds as a funct ion check.
• It ill uminates when the re is a malfunct ion in the ESP. T he
message
ESP fault! See owner's manual a lso appears in the instru
ment cl uste r display and a w arning tone sounds.
• It illuminates continuously when the ESP is sw itched off.
• It illum inates if the re is a malfu nction in the ABS, s ince the ESP is
part of the ABS system .
If the battery terminals were disconnected and re- connec ted, the
vehicle was jump started or the battery is very weak, the ESP sensor
system goes thro ugh a learning process for the firs t few yards . The
warning/indicator light illuminates. The warn ing/indicator light goes
out as soon as t he learning process is comp lete.
If the ESP warning/i ndicator lig ht ill uminates and stays on afte r you
have started the engine, t his may mean that the control system has
temporar ily switched off the ESP . If this is case , you ca n react ivate
the ESP by turning the ignition off and then on aga in. The
w ar ning/ind ica tor ligh t shou ld go ou t to show t hat the system is fully
functional again .
For more in formation about the ESP =>
page 252. •
Page 21 of 384

Adaptive Air Suspension - Sport*, the check light does not come o n in
t his instance s in ce g round clea rance is ge ner ally reduced .
Thi s wa rning/indicator light has the following functions:
• It illuminates for a few seconds after the ignition is turned on as
fu nction check a nd then goe s out.
• If the wa rning/ind icator light flashes in conjunction with t he
c.:>
w ar ning/ind icator l igh t, y o u s hould not dr ive the vehicle immed iately
in order to prevent damage to the underbody. T he two wa rning/ind i
c ato r light s fl ashing together po ints to an ex tre me Lo w leve l. A ve ry
pronounced lowering of the ve hicle (extreme Low leve l) can result ,
for example, from a he avy load. A s so on a s the leve l h as r eturned to
normal, t he warning/indicator lights stop flashing, and you can drive
away .
0 Note
If the wa rni ng /ind icator light flashes in conjunction with the~ ~
warning/ind icator ligh t, you s hould not driv e the vehicle because low
lyin g vehicle pa rts can bottom out as you drive over uneven groun d
a nd be da maged as a result . •
Cruise control
CRUISE (USA models) / (?Jr) (Canada models)
The warn ing/ ind icator lig ht illuminates when the cruise contro l is
a ct ivated .•
Controls and equip
ment Safety first
Instruments and warning
/indicator lights
Anti-lock brake system (ABS)
A
.:> (USA models) / .... (Canada models)
This w arnin g/in dic ator light monitors the ABS and the
ele ctroni c diff ere n tial l ock (ED L).
Th e wa rning/indicator light w ill come on fo r a few second s when the
ignition is sw itche d on. The lig ht w ill go ou t after a n automat ic check
sequence is comp leted .
There is a malfunction in the ABS when:
• Th e warnin g/i ndi ca tor lig ht doe s not illumin ate whe n you swit ch
on th e ig nitio n.
• Th e warn ing /indicator l ight doe s not go out aft er a f ew seconds .
• The warning/in dicator lig ht i llu minates while d riving .
Th e ESP indic at or lig ht als o illu min ates if there is a malfunctio n in the
A BS. The message
ESP / ABS fault! See owner's manual also appears
in t he i nstr ument cluster d isp lay and a war ning to ne sounds .
The brake system will still respond even without the assistance of
the ABS system. See your authorized Audi dealer as soon as
possible to restore full braking performance.
F o r mo re inform ation
rega rding the ABS=>
page 256.
The ABS warning light and the brake warning light come on
together. The ABS will not work and you will notice a change in
braking response and performance.
Malfunction in the brake system
If t he b rake war ning ligh t=> page 20 and the A BS war ning ill umin ate
tog eth er ther e may be a malfu nction in t he A BS , a nd there may a lso
be a mal fun ction in the bra ke system itself => & .
I n t he ev en t of a
malfunction in the brake system the warn ing/ indi
cator light
BRAKE (USA models)/ {(D) (Canada models) in the instr ument
clu ster flashes. B y p res sing the [
CHECK ! button, yo u ca n brin g up a
dr ive r message w hich expla ins the malfunction in more deta il. Please
no te =>
page 28. _..
Vehicle care Technical data
Page 22 of 384

Instruments and warning/indicator lights
Malfunction in the electronic differential lock (EDL)
The ED L works toge ther w ith the ABS. The ABS warn ing lig ht w ill
come on if there is a mal func tion in the EDL system=>
page 253 . See
your authorized A udi dea le r as soon as poss ible .
& WARNING
• If the .. (USA models )/ ...,. (Canada models ) wa rning light
does not go out , or if it comes on while driving, the ABS system is
not working properly. The vehicle can then be stopped only with
the standard brakes (without ABS ). You will not have the p rotec
tion ABS provide s. Contact you r Audi dealer as soon as pos sible .
• USA models: If the BRAKE warning light , the ., warning light
and the warning light come on together , the rear wheel s
could lock up first under hard braking . Rear wheel lock-up can
c ause loss of vehicle control and an accident. Have you r vehicle
repaired immediate ly by your authorized Audi dealer or a qualified
workshop. Drive slowly and avoid sudden, hard brake applica
tions .
• Canada models: If the brake warning light «D>, the wa rning
light and the ABS warning light come on together, the rear
wheels could lock up first under hard braking. Rear wheel lock-up
can cause los s of vehicle control and an accident . Have your vehicle
repaired immediately by your authorized Aud i dealer or a qualified
workshop . Drive slowly and avoid sudden, hard brake
applic ations. •
Electromechanical parking brake
::E {USA models) / (®) {Canada models)
The warning/indicator light monit ors the electromechan
ical parking broke .
With the pa rking bra ke app lied and the ignition t urned on, the
wa rning/ind icator light illuminates. Afte r the ign it ion has been
t u rne d off, the wa rning/indicator light continues to illuminate for about 30 seconds.
If the park
ing brake is applied w ith the ign ition
tur ned off, the w arning/ind ic a tor ligh t illumi nates fo r abo ut 3 0
seconds.
Th e warning/ind icator light will go out when the parking brake is
re lease d.
If the war ning/ indicator lig ht flashes cont inuous ly
after applying the
p ar king bra ke, bra king fo rce is no t sufficien t to prevent the vehicle
from rolling unintentionally . T his can happe n if the brakes become
too hot. P lease note the fo llowi ng:
• If the slope of the ground is too s teep to par k the ve hicl e, th e addi
tional drive message appea rs
Caution: Vehicle parked too steep .
• In the event of a pa rking brake mal func tion, the yellow • symbol
appea rs in the instrument cluste r display and the driver message
Parking brake malfunction! is d isplayed. Have t he ma lf u n ct io n
re paire d as soon as possib le by a q ualified Audi dealership .•
Brake system BRAKE (USA
models)
/ (CD) {Canada models)
The warning/indicator ligh t flashes if brak e fluid l eve l is
low, if there is an A BS system malfunction or a parking
brake malfunction.
Th e light illum ina tes when the igni tion is t urned o n. It goes out after
the engine has been started . This indicates that t he brake warn ing
light is fu nctioni ng p roperly.
If the brake warning light does not light up when the engine is
cranking , there may be a malfunction in the electrical system. In
this case, contact your Audi dealer.
If the brake system wa rning/indicator light flashes, there is a brake
system malfunc tion . By press ing the
I C H ECK ] button, you can b ring
up a driver message which explains the malfunction in mo re detail
=>
page 28. ~
Page 23 of 384

If the ABS, ESP and brake force distribution fail, the ABS indicator
li ght (U SA mode ls)/ ( Can ad a models) and the ESP indica to r
light come on alo ng w it h the brake system malfu nction light
BRAKE (U SA models) /(Ci) (Ca nada models) . The message Brake fault!
Drive carefully to nearest workshop appears in the inst rument
cl uster disp lay and three consecut ive warning tones sound =>& .
(USA models): If the w arning lig ht
BRAKE and the wa rn in g light illu
minate together, immediately contact your author ized Audi dealer or
qu alifie d wo rkshop to h ave all bra ke p ads in spec ted =>
page 32.
When the light comes on, an a udible war ning s ignal is also given .
& WARNING
• USA models : If the BRAKE warning light, the.,. warn ing light
and the~ S warning light come on together , the rear wheel s
could lock up first under hard braking. Rear wheel lock-up can
cause loss of vehicle control and an accident. Have your vehicle
repaired immediately by your authorized Audi dealer or a qualified
workshop. Drive slowly and avoid sudden , hard brake appli ca
tions.
• Canada models: If the brake warning light ID, the • warning
light and the ABS warning light
"'1 come on together, the rear
wheels could lock up first under hard braking. Rear wheel lock-up
can cause loss of vehicle control and an accident. Have your vehicle
repaired immediately by your authorized Audi dealer or a qualified
workshop. Drive slowly and avoid sudden, hard brake applica
tions.
• If the brake warning /indicator light doe s not go out after
a few
second s and the parking brake released, or l ights up while you are
driving, the fluid level in the brake fluid reservoir i s too low. If you
believe that it is safe to do so, proceed immediately at low speed
to the neare st authorized Audi dealer or qualified repair facility
and have the brake system inspected.
• Always keep in mind that after several brake applications, you
will need greater p ressu re on the brake pedal to stop your vehicle .
Do not rely on strained brakes to re spond with maximum stopping
Controls and equip
ment Safety first
Instruments and warning
/indicator lights
& WARNING (co ntinued )
power in critical situations . You must allow fo r increased braking
distan ce s. The extra distance used up by fading brakes could lead
to an accident. •
Vehicle care Technical data
Page 31 of 384

you can bring up a driver message which explains the malfunction in more detail.
Stop vehicle and check brake fluid Level
- Pull off the road .
- Stop the vehicle.
- Turn off the engine.
- Check the brake fluid level~
page 299.
-Contact your nearest authorized repair facility if neces-
sary.
Brake fault ! Drive carefully to nearest
workshop
- Drive carefully to the nearest authorized repair facility and
have the malfunction corrected~& .
Parking brake ! Please contact workshop
- If the warning/indicator light flashes when the vehicle is
stationary or after the ignition is turned on , check to see if
the parking brake can be released . Drive to an authorized
repair facility as soon as possible and have the malfunc
tion corrected. If the parking brake cannot be released,
contact your nearest authorized repair facility.
- If the warning/indicator light flashes while you are driving, it is possible that the traction control or the emer
gency brake has malfunctioned. It is possible that the parking brake cannot be applied . It is also possible that
the parking brake cannot be released after it has been
applied. Drive to an authorized Audi dealer to have the malfunction corrected.
Controls and equip
ment Safety first
Driver information display
I
f the ABS , ESP and the brake for ce distribution fail, the ABS
warning/indicator light and the ESP warning/indicator light come on
along with the brake system malfunction warning/indicator light
~ & -
& WARNING
• Always observe the warnings in ::::> page 281, "Engine compart
ment", before opening the hood and checking the brake fluid.
• Driving with low brake fluid is a safety hazard. Stop the car and
get professional assistance.
• USA models: If the BRAKE warning light, the ~ warning light
and the warning light come on together, the rear wheels
could lock up first under hard braking. Rear wheel lock-up can
cause loss of vehicle control and an accident. Have your vehicle
repaired immediately by your authorized Audi dealer or a qualified
workshop. Drive slowly and avoid sudden, hard brake applica
tions.
• Canada models: If the brake warning light(())), the r-warning
light and the ABS warning light come on together, the rear
wheels could lock up first under hard braking. Rear wheel lock-up
can cause loss of vehicle control and an accident. Have your vehicle
repaired immediately by your authorized Audi dealer or a qualified
workshop. Drive slowly and avoid sudden, hard brake
applications. •
Engine cooling system malfunction -1-
A malfunction in the engine cooling system must be
repaired as soon as possible.
When the - L symbol in the display blinks, then either the
engine coolant
temperature is too high, or the coolant level ~
Vehicle care Technical data
Page 127 of 384

On the road ---------------~:..:.....__
Starting off with a trailer
To prevent rolling back unintentionally on an incline, do
the following:
- Keep the switch pulled and depress the accelerator. The
parking brake stays applied and p reve nts the vehicle from
rolling backward .
- You can release t he switch once you are sure t hat you are
deve loping enough forward momentum at the whee ls as
you depress the acce lerator .
Depending on the we ight of the rig (vehicle and trailer) and the
severity of the incline, yo u may roll backwards as you start. You can
prevent rol ling backwards by holding the park ing bra ke sw itch pulled
out and accelerating -just as you wou ld when starting on a hill with a
conventional hand brake .•
Emergency braking
In the event that the conventional brake system fails or
locks.
- P ull the swi tch and cont inue to pull it to s low your veh icle
with the parking brake in an emergency .
- As soon as you re lease the sw itc h or accelerate, the
braking process stops .
If you pull the switch and hold it above a speed of abou t 5 mp h (8
km/h), the emergency braking function is init iated. The vehicle is
bra ked at all fou r wheels by activat ing the hydraulic b rake system.
Brake performance is s imilar to making an emergency stop~,&.
So that emergency braking is not activated by mistake, an audible
warning tone (buzzer) sounds when the switch is pulled . As soon as
Controls and equip
ment Safety first
the switch is released, or the accelerator pedal is depressed, emer
gency braking s tops.
& WARNING
Em erg ency braking should only be u sed in an emergen cy, wh en
the no rmal foot brake ha s failed o r the brake pedal i s obstructed.
U sing the park ing b rake to perform emerg ency braking will slow
your vehicl e as if you had made a full brake application . The laws
of phy sic s c annot be su spen ded even wi th ESP and it s ass ociated
c omponents (ABS, ASR , ED S). In corn ers and when r oad or
weather condit ion s are bad , a full brake application can cause the
ve hicl e to sk id or the rear end to br eak away- r isking an accid ent .•
Driver messages in the instrument cluster
C aution : Vehicle park ed too steep
Th is message appears when the pa rking brake is applied on an incline
that exceeds abo ut 30%.
In this case the braking power of the parking brake may
not be
adequate
t o p revent the vehicle from rolling un intentionally.
Plea se release parking b rake
Thi s message appears, when a gear is se lected and the accelerato r
pedal is depressed -release the parking brake.
Pre ss brake p edal to relea se park ing brake
T his driver message appea rs when the switch to release the parking
bra ke was pressed. The par king brake can only be released if you press
the brake or accelerator pedal and press the switch at the same time.
.1 Par king bra ke mal funct ion !
T his driver message appears together w ith the yellow symbol
when there is a parking brake malfunct ion.
Vehicle care Technical data
Page 183 of 384

_____________________________________________________ H_ o_m_ e_ L_i_n _k_ ®_ • __ _
Homelink ®
Universal remote control
Applies to veh icles: w ith Hom eli nk ® universal remote control
General information
The Homelink ® feature can learn up to three radio
frequency codes for most current transmitters used for
operating garage doors, estate gates, home or outdoor
lighting systems, and other devices.
You must first program the Homelink ® transm itter before you can
use the system=>
page 182, "Programming the Home link® trans
mitter".
I n order to program the Homelink ® transmitter for devices utilizing
rolling code, a second person on a ladder who can safe ly reach the
garage door opener motor is recommended. It is also necessary to
locate the "learn" button on your garage door opener motor. Refer to
the operating instructions for the opener, as the location and color of
this button may vary by manufacturer.
You can still use the original remote control for the device at any
time.
& WARNING
• Never use the Homelink'"' transmitter with any garage door
opener that does have not the safety stop and reverse feature as
required by federal safety standards. This includes any garage
door opener model manufactured before Aprill, 1982.
• A garage door opener which cannot detect an object, signaling
the door to stop and reverse does not meet current federal safety
standards. Using a garage door opener without these features
increases risk of serious injury or death.
Controls and equip
ment Safety first
& WARNING
(continued)
• For safety reasons never release the parking brake or start the
engine while anyone is standing in front of the vehicle.
• A garage door or an estate gate may sometimes be set in
motion when the Homelink ® remote control is being
programmed. If the device is repeatedly activated, this can over
strain motor and damage its electrical components -an over
heated motor is a fire hazard!
• To avoid possible injuries or property damage, please always
make absolutely certain that no persons or objects are located in
the range of motion of any equipment being operated.
rn Tips
• If you would like more information on Homelink ®, where to
purchase the Homelink ® compatible products, or would like to
purchase the Homelink ® Home Lighting Package, please call toll
free: 1-800-355-3515.
• For Declaration of Compliance to United States FCC and Industry
Canada regulations=>
page 364 . •
Vehicle care Technical data
Page 196 of 384

111....__D_ r_iv _i_ n_, g=-- S_ a _ f_e _,Ly _ ______________________________________________ _
in. WARNING
Improperly stored luggage or other items can fly through the
vehicle causing serious personal injury in the event of hard braking
or an accident. To help reduce the risk of serious personal injury:
• Always put objects, for example, luggage or other heavy items
in the luggage compartment.
• Always secure objects in the luggage compartment using the
tie-down hooks and suitable straps.
& WARNING
Heavy loads will influence the way your vehicle handles. To help
reduce the risk of a loss of control leading to serious personal
injury:
• Always keep in mind when transporting heavy objects, that a
change in the center of gravity can also cause changes in vehicle
handling:
-Always distribute the load as evenly as possible.
- Place heavy objects as far forward in the luggage compart-
ment as possible.
• Never exceed the Gross Axle Weight Rating or the Gross Vehicle
Weight Rating specified on the safety compliance sticker on the
left door jamb. Exceeding permissible weight standards can cause
the vehicle to slide and handle differently.
• Please observe information on safe driving
=> page 186.
in. WARNING
To help prevent poisonous exhaust gas from being drawn into the
vehicle, always keep the rear lid closed while driving.
• Never transport objects larger than those fitting completely
into the luggage area because the rear lid cannot be fully closed.
& WARNING (continued)
• If you absolutely must drive with the rear lid open, observe the
following notes to reduce the risk of poisoning:
-Close all windows,
- Close the power roof,
- Open all air outlets in the instrument panel,
- Switch off the air recirculation,
- Set the fresh air fan to the highest speed.
in. WARNING
Always make sure that the doors, all windows, the power roof and
the rear lid are securely closed and locked to reduce the risk of
injury when the vehicle is not being used.
• After closing the rear lid, always make sure that it is properly
closed and locked.
• Never leave your vehicle unattended especially with the rear lid
left open. A child could crawl into the vehicle through the luggage
compartment and close the rear lid becoming trapped and unable
to get out. Being trapped in a vehicle can lead to serious personal
injury.
• Never let children play in or around the vehicle.
• Never let passengers ride in the luggage compartment. Vehicle
occupants must always be properly restrained in one of the
vehicle's seating positions.
(I) Tips
Air circulation helps to reduce window fogging. Stale air escapes to
the outside through vents in the trim panel, on the left side of the
luggage compartment . Be sure to keep these slots free and open.•
Page 200 of 384

___ S_a _f_e _t-=y '-- b_e_ l_ t _s _____________________________________________ _
-Make sure that your passengers also buckle up a nd prop
erly wear their safety belts .
- Protect c hildren with a child rest raint system appropria te
fo r the size and ag e.
The warn ing light ~ in the instrument cluster lights up when the igni
tion is sw itched on as a reminder to fasten the safety belts. In addi
tion, you will hear a warn ing to ne .
After the ignition is switched on, the warn ing light in the instrument
clu ster will alw ays come on fo r a bout 6 seconds and i f the driver has
not fastened the safety belt, a warning tone will also sound for about
6 seconds. As soon as the d rive r has fastened the safety belt, the
warning tone will stop and the war ning light w ill go out.
If the driver or front seat passenger have not buck led-up within about
1 0 se conds afte r th e war ning tone has stopped and the veh icle is
moving faster than about 15 mph, the warning tone will sound again
for a bout 6 se conds and then s to p for 24 seco nds and the n re pea t
this rem inder sequence for a max imum of 2 m inutes . At speeds
below 5 mph, the w arning tone will not sou nd.
Fa sten your safety belt and make sure that your passenger s also
properly put on their safety belts.
& WARNING
• Safety belt s are the single most effe ctiv e mean s available to
reduce the risk of serious injury and death in automobile a cci
dents . For your protection and that of your pa ssenger s, always
c orrectly wear safety belts when the vehicle is moving .
• Failure to pay attention to the warning light that come on,
could lead to person al injury .•
Why safety belts?
Frontal collisions and the law of physics
Frontal cr ashes cre ate very stron g forc es for people
riding i n vehi cles.
Fig . 202 Unbe lted
o ccupa nts in a vehicle
h eading f or a w all
Fig. 203 Th e vehicle
cr as hes int o t he wall
The p hys ica l pr inc iples are simple. Both the vehicle and the passen
gers possess energy which var ies wit h veh icle speed and body weight.
E nginee rs ca ll t his ene rgy "kinetic energy."
The higher the speed of the veh icle and t he greater the vehicle's
we ight, the more energy that has to be "abso rbed" in the crash .
Vehicle speed is the most sig nifican t fa ctor. If t he speed doubles
from 15 to 30 mph (25 to 50 km/h), the energy increases 4 times! .,