lift assist CHEVROLET TRAVERSE 2023 Owners Manual

Chevrolet Traverse Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
16411537) - 2023 - CRC - 3/28/22
Keys, Doors, and Windows 7
The key that is part of the remote key can
be used for all locks.
Remove the key by pressing the button on
the side of the remote key near the bottom
and pull the key out. Never pull the key out
without pressing the button.
If it becomes difficult to turn the key,
inspect the key blade for debris. Periodically,
clean with a brush or a pick.
See your dealer if a new remote key is
needed.
If locked out of the vehicle, seeRoadside
Assistance Program 0341. With an active OnStar or connected service
plan, an OnStar Advisor may remotely
unlock the vehicle. See
OnStar Overview
0 349.
Remote Key
See Radio Frequency Statement 0346.
If there is a decrease in the remote key
operating range:
.Check the distance. The remote key may
be too far from the vehicle.
.Check the location. Other vehicles or
objects may be blocking the signal.
.Check the remote key's battery. See
“Battery Replacement” later in this
section.
.If the remote key is still not working
correctly, see your dealer or a qualified
technician for service.
Remote Key Operation
The Keyless Access system allows for vehicle
entry when the remote key is within 1 m
(3 ft). See “Keyless Access Operation” later in
this section.
The remote key may work up to 60 m
(197 ft) away from the vehicle. Other conditions can affect the performance
of the remote key. See
Remote Key07.
With Remote Start and Power Liftgate
Shown
Q:Press to lock all doors. The turn signal
indicators may flash and/or the horn may
sound on the second press to indicate
locking. To view available settings for this
feature, touch the Settings icon on the
infotainment home page. Select “Vehicle”to
display the list of available options and
select “Remote Lock, Unlock, Start”. If the
driver door is open when
Qis pressed, and
Open Door Anti-Lockout is enabled through
vehicle settings, all doors will lock and then
the driver door will immediately unlock. To

Chevrolet Traverse Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
16411537) - 2023 - CRC - 3/28/22
246 Driving and Operating
.State laws may require the use of
extended side view mirrors. If your
visibility is limited or restricted while
towing, install extended side view mirrors,
even if not required.
.Do not tow a trailer during the first
800 km (500 mi) of vehicle use to
prevent damage to the engine, axle,
or other parts.
.GM recommends performing an oil
change to the vehicle before heavy
towing.
.Do not drive over 80 km/h (50 mph) and
do not make starts at full throttle during
the first 800 km (500 mi) of trailer
towing.
.Vehicles can tow in D (Drive). If the
transmission downshifts too often, a
lower gear may be selected using Manual
Mode. SeeManual Mode 0208.
If equipped, the following driver assistance
features should be turned off when towing
a trailer:
.Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC)
.Super Cruise Control
.Park Assist
.Automatic Parking Assist (APA)
.Reverse Automatic Braking (RAB) If equipped, the following driver assistance
features should be turned to alert or off
when towing a trailer:
.Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB)
.Intelligent Brake Assist (IBA)
.Front Pedestrian Braking (FPB)
If equipped with Lane Change Alert (LCA),
the LCA detection zones that extend back
from the side of the vehicle do not move
further back when a trailer is towed. Use
caution while changing lanes when towing a
trailer.
If equipped with Rear Cross Traffic Alert
(RCTA), use caution while backing up when
towing a trailer, as the RCTA detection zones
that extend out from the back of the vehicle
do not move further back when a trailer is
towed.
{Warning
To prevent serious injury or death from
carbon monoxide (CO), when towing a
trailer:
.Do not drive with the liftgate, trunk/
hatch, or rear-most window open. (Continued)
Warning (Continued)
.Fully open the air outlets on or under
the instrument panel.
.Adjust the climate control system to a
setting that brings in only outside air.
See“Climate Control Systems” in the
Index.
For more information about carbon
monoxide, see Engine Exhaust 0206.
Towing a trailer requires experience. The
combination of the vehicle and trailer is
longer and not as responsive as the vehicle
itself. Get used to the handling and braking
of the combination by driving on a level
road surface before driving on public roads.
The trailer structure, the tires, and the
brakes must be all be rated to carry the
intended cargo. Inadequate trailer
equipment can cause the combination to
operate in an unexpected or unsafe manner.
Before driving, inspect all trailer hitch parts
and attachments, safety chains, electrical
connectors, lamps, tires, and mirrors. See
Towing Equipment 0252. If the trailer has
electric brakes, start the combination
moving and then manually apply the trailer
brake controller to check the trailer brakes

Chevrolet Traverse Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
16411537) - 2023 - CRC - 3/28/22
268 Vehicle Care
1. Remove the coolant surge tank pressurecap when the cooling system, including
the coolant surge tank pressure cap and
upper radiator hose, is no longer hot.
Turn the pressure cap slowly
counterclockwise about one-quarter of a
turn. If you hear a hiss, wait for that to
stop. This will allow any pressure still
left to be vented out the discharge hose.
2. Keep turning the pressure cap slowly and remove it.
3. Fill the coolant surge tank with theproper mixture to the indicated
level mark.
4. With the coolant surge tank pressure cap off, start the engine and let it run until
you can feel the upper radiator hose
getting hot. Watch out for the engine
cooling fan.
By this time, the coolant level inside the
coolant surge tank may be lower. If the
level is lower, add more of the proper
mixture to the coolant surge tank until
the level reaches the indicated
level mark.
5. Replace the pressure cap tightly. 6. Verify coolant level after the engine is
shut off and the coolant is cold.
If necessary, repeat coolant fill procedure
Steps 1–6.
If the coolant still is not at the proper
level when the system cools down again,
see your dealer.
Caution
If the pressure cap is not tightly installed,
coolant loss and engine damage may
occur. Be sure the cap is properly and
tightly secured.
Engine Overheating
The vehicle has several indicators to warn of
the engine overheating.
There is an engine coolant temperature
gauge on the instrument cluster. See Engine
Coolant Temperature Gauge 0106. The
vehicle may also display a message on the
Driver Information Center (DIC).
If the decision is made not to lift the hood
when this warning appears, get service help
right away. See Roadside Assistance Program
0 341.

Chevrolet Traverse Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
16411537) - 2023 - CRC - 3/28/22
274 Vehicle Care
5. Push the release lever (2) to disengagethe hook and push the wiper arm (1) out
of the blade assembly (3).
6. Push the new blade assembly securely on the wiper arm until the release lever
clicks into place.
7. To reinstall the cover, ensure that the cover hook slides into the slot in the
blade assembly.
8. Snap the cover down to secure.
Windshield Replacement
Driver Assistance Systems
If the windshield needs to be replaced and
the vehicle is equipped with a front camera
sensor for the Driver Assistance Systems, a
GM replacement windshield is
recommended. The replacement windshield
must be installed according to GM
specifications for proper alignment. If it is
not, these systems may not work properly,
they may display messages, or they may
not work at all. See your dealer for proper
windshield replacement.
Gas Strut(s)
Your vehicle may be equipped with gas
strut(s) to provide assistance in lifting and
holding open the hood/trunk/liftgate system
in full open position.
{Warning
If the gas struts that hold open the hood,
trunk, and/or liftgate fail, you or others
could be seriously injured. Take the
vehicle to your dealer for service
immediately. Visually inspect the gas
struts for signs of wear, cracks, or other
damage periodically. Check to make sure
the hood/trunk/liftgate is held open with
enough force. If struts are failing to hold
the hood/trunk/liftgate, do not operate.
Have the vehicle serviced.
Caution
Do not apply tape or hang any objects
from gas struts. Also do not push down
or pull on gas struts. This may cause
damage to the vehicle.
See Maintenance Schedule 0327.
Hood
Trunk

Chevrolet Traverse Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
16411537) - 2023 - CRC - 3/28/22
Vehicle Care 305
Warning (Continued)
5. Place wheel blocks, if equipped, onboth sides of the tire at the opposite
corner of the tire being changed.
When the vehicle has a flat tire (2), use the
following example as a guide to assist in the
placement of the wheel blocks (1),
if equipped.
1. Wheel Block (If Equipped)
2. Flat Tire
The following information explains how to
repair or change a tire.
Tire Changing
Removing the Spare Tire and Tools
To access the spare tire and tools: 1. Open the liftgate. See Liftgate018.
2. Lift the load floor.
3. Remove the cargo management system.
See Cargo Management System 085.
4. Turn the wing nut (3) counterclockwise
to remove the jack (1) and wheel
wrench (2). Place the tool container near
the tire being changed.
5. Remove the spare tire and place it next to the tire being changed.
Removing the Flat Tire and Installing the
Spare Tire
1. Do a safety check before proceeding. SeeIf a Tire Goes Flat 0304.

Chevrolet Traverse Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
16411537) - 2023 - CRC - 3/28/22
328 Service and Maintenance
Reset the oil life system when the oil is
changed. SeeEngine Oil Life System
0 263.
.When the REPLACE AT NEXT OIL CHANGE
message displays, the engine air filter
should be replaced at the next engine oil
change. When the REPLACE ENGINE AIR
FILTER SOON message displays, the
engine air filter should be replaced at the
earliest convenience. Reset the engine air
filter life system after the engine air filter
is replaced. See Engine Air Filter Life
System 0264.
Every 36 000 km (22,500 mi)
.Replace passenger compartment air filter.
Or every 24 months, whichever comes
first. More frequent passenger
compartment air filter replacement may
be needed if driving in areas with heavy
traffic, poor air quality, high dust levels,
or environmental allergens. Passenger
compartment air filter replacement may
also be needed if there is reduced airflow,
window fogging, or odors. Your GM
dealer can help determine when to
replace the filter. Every 161 000 km (100,000 mi)
.Replace hood and/or body lift support gas
struts. Or every 10 years, whichever
comes first. See
Gas Strut(s)0274.
Every 156 000 km (97,500 mi)
.Replace spark plugs. Inspect spark plug
wires and/or boots.
Every 240 000 km (150,000 mi)
.Change rear axle fluid, if equipped with
AWD. Do not directly power wash the
transfer case and/or front/rear axle
output seals. High pressure water can
overcome the seals and contaminate the
transfer case fluid. Contaminated fluid will
decrease the life of the transfer case and/
or axles and should be replaced.
.Drain and fill engine cooling system. Or
every six years, whichever comes first.
See Cooling System 0265.
Severe Conditions Requiring More
Frequent Maintenance*
.Public service, military, or commercial use
vehicles to include the following:
‐ Ambulances, police cars, and
emergency rescue vehicles. ‐
Civilian vehicles such as light duty
pick-up trucks, SUVs, and passenger
cars that are used in military
applications.
‐ Recovery vehicles such as tow trucks
and flatbed single vehicle carriers or
any vehicle that is consistently used in
towing trailers or other loads.
‐ High use commercial vehicles such as
courier delivery vehicles, private
security patrol vehicles, or any vehicles
that operate on a 24–hour basis.
‐ Any vehicle consistently operated in a
high sand or dust environment such as
those used on oil pipelines and similar
applications.
.Vehicles that are regularly used for short
trips of 6 km (4 mi) or less.
The oil life indicator will show you when
to change the oil and filter. Under severe
conditions the indicator may come on
before 12 000 km (7,500 mi).
* Footnote: Under extreme driving
conditions listed above, it may be
necessary to replace your spark plugs at
more frequent intervals. For further
assistance in determining the most

Chevrolet Traverse Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
16411537) - 2023 - CRC - 3/28/22
Customer Information 341
H:Manage your profile and payment
information. View your GM Rewards Card
earnings and My Chevrolet Rewards points.
F: Chat with online help representatives.
Visit chevrolet.com and create an account
today.
Chevrolet Owner Centre (Canada)
mychevrolet.ca
Visit the Chevrolet Owner Centre at
mychevrolet.ca (English) or my.chevrolet.ca
(French) to access similar benefits to the
U.S. site.
GM Mobility Reimbursement
Program
This program is available to qualified
applicants for cost reimbursement, up to
certain limits, of eligible aftermarket adaptive equipment required for the vehicle,
such as hand controls or a wheelchair/
scooter lift for the vehicle.
To learn about the GM Mobility program,
see www.gmmobility.com or call the GM
Mobility Assistance Center at 1-800-323-9935.
Text Telephone (TTY) users, call
1-800-833-9935.
General Motors of Canada also has a
Mobility program. See www.gm.ca, or call
1-800-GM-DRIVE (800-463-7483) for details.
TTY users call 1-800-263-3830.
Roadside Assistance Program
For U.S.-purchased vehicles, call
1-800-243-8872. (Text Telephone (TTY):
1-888-889-2438.)
For Canadian-purchased vehicles, call
1-800-268-6800.
Service is available 24 hours a day, 365 days
a year.
Calling for Assistance
When calling Roadside Assistance, have the
following information ready:
.Your name, home address, and home
telephone number
.Telephone number of your location
.Location of the vehicle
.Model, year, color, and license plate
number of the vehicle
.Odometer reading, Vehicle Identification
Number (VIN), and delivery date of the
vehicle
.Description of the problem
Coverage
Services are provided for the duration of the
vehicle’s powertrain warranty.
In the U.S., anyone driving the vehicle is
covered. In Canada, a person driving the
vehicle without permission from the owner
is not covered.
Roadside Assistance is not a part of the New
Vehicle Limited Warranty. General Motors
North America and Chevrolet reserve the
right to make any changes or discontinue
the Roadside Assistance program at any
time without notification.
General Motors North America and Chevrolet
reserve the right to limit services or
payment to an owner or driver if they
decide the claims are made too often, or the
same type of claim is made many times.

Chevrolet Traverse Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
16411537) - 2023 - CRC - 3/28/22
358 Index
Assistance Systems (cont'd)Parking and Backing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Audio Bluetooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Automatic Dimming Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Door Locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Emergency Braking (AEB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Headlamp System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Transmission Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Automatic Transmission
Manual Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Auxiliary Jack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Avoiding Untrusted Media Devices . . . . . . . . 141
B
Battery
Exterior Lighting Battery Saver . . . . . . . . . 131
Load Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Power Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Battery - North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271, 311
Blade Replacement, Wiper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Bluetooth Audio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160, 161 Brake
Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
System Warning Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Brakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Antilock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Brake Assist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Electric Parking Brake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Braking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Automatic Emergency (AEB) . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Braking System Front Pedestrian (FPB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Break-In, New Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Buckle To Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Bulb Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Headlamp Aiming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Headlamps, Front Turn Signal, andSidemarker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
License Plate Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Buying New Tires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
C
Calibration Compass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
California Perchlorate Materials Requirements . . . 258
California Proposition 65 Warning . . . . . . 1, 311
Camera
Rear Vision (RVC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 Canadian Vehicle Owners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Capacities and Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Carbon Monoxide
Engine Exhaust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Liftgate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Winter Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Cargo
Management System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Caution, Danger, and Warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Center Console Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Chains, Tire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Charging System Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Wireless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Check Engine Light (Malfunction
Indicator) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Child Restraints Infants and Young Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Lower Anchors and Tethers forChildren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Older Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Securing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79, 81
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Child Safety Locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Circuit Breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Cleaning
Exterior Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

Chevrolet Traverse Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
16411537) - 2023 - CRC - 3/28/22
362 Index
InspectionMulti-Point Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Instrument Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97, 99, 102
Instrument Panel Storage Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Instrument Panel Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Interior Rearview Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 132
J
Jack Auxiliary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Jump Starting - North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
K
Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Remote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Remote Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
L
Labeling, Tire Sidewall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
LampsCourtesy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Daytime Running (DRL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Dome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Exterior Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Exterior Lighting Battery Saver . . . . . . . . . 131
Flash-to-Pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Lamps (cont'd)
High/Low Beam Changer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
License Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Malfunction Indicator (Check
Engine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
On Reminder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Lane Change Alert (LCA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Keep Assist (LKA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Keep Assist Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Lap-Shoulder Belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
LATCH System
Replacing Parts after a Crash . . . . . . . . . . . 79
LATCH, Lower Anchors and Tethers for Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
LED Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Liftgate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Lighting Entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Exit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Illumination Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
LED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Lights Airbag Readiness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Antilock Brake System (ABS)Warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Brake System Warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Lights (cont'd)
Charging System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Check Engine (Malfunction
Indicator) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Cruise Control Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Door Ajar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Driver Mode Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Electric Parking Brake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Engine Oil Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Gauges and Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
High-Beam On . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Lane Keep Assist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Low Fuel Warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Seat Belt Reminders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Service Electric Parking Brake . . . . . . . . . . . 111
StabiliTrak OFF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Tire Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Traction Control System (TCS)/StabiliTrak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Traction Off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Locks Automatic Door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Delayed Locking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Lockout Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Power Door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18