MERCEDES-BENZ SPRINTER 2011 MY11 Operator’s Manual

Speedometer ...................................
71
Tachometer ...................................... 71
Instrument cluster illumination
see Instrument lighting
....................72
Instrument lighting ............................. 72
Interior light Changing bulbs ......................238, 239
Interior lighting
Changing bulbs .............................. 233
Front ................................................ 92
Rear ................................................. 92
Interior motion sensor ........................62
ISOFIX (LATCH-type child seat
securing system) ................................. 43J
Jack ..................................................... 182
Jacking points ................................ 230
Preparation .................................... 230
Jump-starting ..................................... 247
Jump-starting connection point in
the engine compartment .................. 247K
Key Checking the batteries ..................... 53
Malfunction .................................... 217
Kickdown

........................................... 115L
Lamp Failure indicator ............................... 89
Language
Display (vehicles with steering
wheel buttons) ................................. 81
Lashing points and materials

...........146
Lashing points and tie downs Permissible tensile load ................. 283
License plate lamp
Changing bulbs ......................236, 237
Lighting
Bulb failure indicator ........................89
Changing bulbs ......................233, 234
Instrument ....................................... 72
Light switch ..................................... 89Lights
Automatic headlamp mode ..............90
Combination switch

.........................90
Cornering light function ...................91
Daytime running lamp
mode ................................... 74, 82, 89
Interior lighting ................................ 92
Light switch ..................................... 89
Load distribution ....................... 146, 152
Loading guidelines ............................144
Loads Securing ........................................ 146
Transporting .................. 144, 146, 152
Locator lighting
Setting (vehicles with steering
wheel buttons) ................................. 83
Locking
Automatic ........................................ 55
With button ...................................... 55
With key ........................................... 52
Locking system
see Central locking .......................... 54
Low-beam headlamps ......................... 89
Automatic headlamps ......................90
Changing bulbs .............................. 235
Daytime running lamp mode
(vehicles without steering wheel
buttons) ........................................... 74
Daytime running lamp mode
(vehicles with steering wheel
buttons) ..................................... 74, 82
Driving abroad ............................... 138 M
M+S tires ............................................ 254
Maintenance points under the
hood .................................................... 169
Malfunctions ...................................... 187
Message memory (vehicles with
steering wheel buttons)

...................78
Maximum speed ................................ 141
Menu (vehicles with steering
wheel buttons)
Audio ............................................... 77
Message memory ............................ 78
Operation ......................................... 76
Settings ........................................... 78 Index
9

Telephone
........................................ 86
Trip computer .................................. 85
Message memory (vehicles with
steering wheel buttons) .....................78
Messages Vehicles without steering wheel
buttons .......................................... 199
Vehicles with steering wheel
buttons .......................................... 201
Mirrors
Exterior mirrors ................................ 70
Rear-view mirror .............................. 69
Mobile phone
..................................... 134
Display message ............................ 207
Installation ..................................... 277
Monitor
see Rear view camera .................... 122O
Occupant safety Children in the vehicle .....................41
System overview .............................. 32
Odometer
Setting the unit (vehicles with
steering wheel buttons) ................... 80
On-board computer
Vehicles without steering wheel
buttons ............................................ 72
Vehicles with steering wheel
buttons ............................................ 74
Opening/closing the windows ...........60
Outside temperature display Vehicles without steering wheel
buttons ............................................ 73
Vehicles with steering wheel
buttons ............................................ 77
Overhead control panel
Overview .......................................... 27
Overrevving range ............................... 71
Overview Menus (Vehicles with steering
wheel buttons) ................................. 76P
Paint code number ............................ 277
Paper holder ...................................... 131Parking
see Stopping the vehicle and
switching off the engine ................. 111
Parking aid
see PARKTRONIC

Parking brake .................................... 112
Display message ............................ 206
Parking lamp
Changing bulbs .............................. 235
Parking lamps ...................................... 89
PARKTRONIC ...................................... 119 Activating/deactivating ................. 122
Cleaning the sensors ..................... 163
Indicator lamp ................................ 215
Malfunction .................................... 215
Range of the sensors ..................... 120
Roll-back warning .......................... 122
Trailer towing ................................. 122
Warning display .....................121, 215
Partition sliding door .......................... 59
Perimeter lamp Changing bulbs .............................. 237
Perimeter lamps
Changing bulbs .............................. 238
Poly-V-belt
Malfunction .................................... 191
Power supply
Battery isolating switch .................... 87
Power supply (trailer) ....................... 153
Power windows ................................... 60
Practical advice Auxiliary heating ............................ 216
Central locking system .................. 217
Engine ............................................ 212
Fuel and fuel tank ..........................220
Headlamps and turn signals ..........219
Windshield wipers .......................... 219
Preparing for a journey .....................108
Checks in the vehicle ..................... 108
Visual check of the vehicle
exterior .......................................... 10810
Index

R
Radio Changing stations (vehicles with
steering wheel buttons) ................... 77
Cleaning the display ...................... 162
Setting
station selection (vehicles
with steering wheel buttons) ............ 84
Rain/light sensor
Setting the sensitivity (vehicles
with steering wheel buttons) ............ 84
Windshield wipers ............................ 94
Range (vehicles with steering
wheel buttons) ..................................... 86
Reading lamp ....................................... 92
Rear bench seat ................................... 66
Rear-compartment air
conditioning Changing the air filter ....................173
see Climate control .......................... 97
Rear-compartment heating
see Climate control .......................... 97
Rear doors ............................................ 57
Rear fog lamp ...................................... 90
Changing bulbs ......................236, 237
Rear lamp
Changing bulbs ......................236, 237
Rear view camera .............................. 122
Malfunction .................................... 216
Monitor menu ................................ 124
Switching off the monitor while
driving ............................................ 128
Switching on .................................. 123
Switching the monitor on/off ........ 123
Rear-view camera
Cleaning ......................................... 163
Cleaning the monitor ..................... 162
Rear-view mirror .................................. 69
Rear window defroster ....................... 95
Rear window heating Malfunction .................................... 211
Rear window wiper ............................. 94
Refilling Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) ............. 143
Tool for DEF tank filler cap ............182
Refrigerant ......................................... 161
Refueling ............................................ 142Remote control
see Key ............................................ 52
Replacing bulbs
see Changing bulbs ............... 233, 234
Reserve fuel
Tank ......................................... 72, 193
Restraint system
Display message
............................ 203
Malfunction .................................... 191
Restraint systems
see SRS
Reverse gear
Engaging (automatic
transmission) ................................. 114
Reverse warning feature .................. 141
Rims .................................................... 280
Roll-back warning see PARKTRONIC ........................... 122
Roof carrier ................................ 149, 284
Roof load (maximum) ........................284
Roof rack see Roof carrier .....................149, 284
Roof ventilator in the cargo
compartment ..................................... 108 S
SAE classification (engine oils) ........157
Safety Children in the vehicle .....................41
Child restraint systems ....................42
Overview of occupant safety
systems
...........................................
32
Safety systems
see Driving safety systems


Seat
Co-driver's seat ............................... 63
Driver's seat .................................... 63
Folding seat ..................................... 67
Luxury seat ...................................... 63
Rear bench seat ............................... 66
Standard seat .................................. 63
Suspension seat .............................. 63
Swivel seat ....................................... 65
Twin co-driver's seat ........................ 65 Index
11

Seat belt
Cleaning ......................................... 162Display message ............................ 206
Warning lamp .................................
196
Seat belts
Adjusting the height ......................... 35
Belt force limiters ............................ 35
Correct usage .................................. 33
Emergency Tensioning Devices ........ 35
Fastening ......................................... 34
Important safety guidelines .............32
Releasing ......................................... 35
Safety guidelines ............................. 37
Special seat belt retractor ............... 43
Warning lamp (function) ................... 35
Seat heating ......................................... 68
Malfunction .................................... 211
Selector lever position ...................... 114
Service indicator ............................... 167
Service products Bio-diesel ....................................... 153
Brake fluid ..................................... 159
Capacities ...................................... 287
Coolant .......................................... 160
Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) ............. 155
Engine oil ....................................... 156
Fuel ................................................ 153
Fuel additive .................................. 154
Fuel additives ................................ 154
Power steering fluid ....................... 159
Refrigerant ..................................... 161
Transmission oil ............................. 158
Settings
Resetting all (vehicles with
steering wheel buttons) ................... 78
Resetting submenus (vehicles
with steering wheel buttons) ............ 79
Setting the clock
Vehicles without steering wheel
buttons ............................................ 73
Setting the date
Vehicles without steering wheel
buttons ............................................ 73
Vehicles with steering wheel
buttons ............................................ 82
Setting the time
Vehicles with steering wheel
buttons ............................................ 82Shift ranges
Automatic transmission .................114
Side impact air bag
.............................40
Side windows Resetting ......................................... 61
Sliding door .......................................... 56
Cleaning ......................................... 164
Closing assist ................................... 57
Snow chains ...................................... 255
Socket ................................................ 133
Spare wheel Bracket .......................................... 185
see Spare wheel ............................ 185
Wheel change ................................ 229
Speed
Setting, see Cruise control ............ 119
Speed limiter ..................................... 141
Speedometer ....................................... 71
Setting the unit (vehicles with
steering wheel buttons) ................... 80
SRS (Supplemental Restraint
System)
Indicator lamp .................................. 36
Introduction ..................................... 36
Standing lamp
Changing bulbs .............. 235, 236, 237
Starting the engine ........................... 109
Steering wheel ..................................... 69
Adjusting ......................................... 69
Buttons (vehicles with steering
wheel buttons) ................................. 74
With buttons .................................... 26
Stowage spaces and stowage
compartments ................................... 129
Eyeglasses compartment ............... 131
Glove box ....................................... 131
Paper holder .................................. 131
Stowage compartment above the
windshield ..................................... 130
Stowage compartment in the
center console ............................... 130
Stowage compartment in the
dashboard ...................................... 129
Stowage compartment in the
door ............................................... 13012
Index

Stowage space above the
headliner ........................................ 130
Stowage
space
under the twin co-
driver's seat ................................... 130
Submenu (on-board computer)
Clock/Date ...................................... 82
Convenience .................................... 85
Instrument cluster ........................... 80
Lighting ............................................ 82
Selecting .......................................... 79
Settings overview ............................ 79
Vehicle ............................................. 84
Summer tires ..................................... 254
Supplemental Restraint System see SRS
Surround lighting
Setting (vehicles with steering
wheel buttons) ................................. 83
Switching off the alarm (ATA) ............62
Switch unit Additional ........................................ 28
Center console ................................ 27
Driver's door .................................... 28
Swivel seat ........................................... 65T
Tachometer .......................................... 71
Tank content Reserve fuel warning lamp ............. 193
Tank contents

...................................... 72
Range (vehicles with steering
wheel buttons) ................................. 86
Technical data
Capacities ...................................... 287
Speed ............................................ 280
Tire pressure .................................. 281
Tires/wheels ................................. 280
Vehicle dimensions ........................280
vehicle weights .............................. 280
Telephone .......................................... 134
Operation (vehicles with steering
wheel buttons) ................................. 86
Temperature
Setting (heating/air conditioning) . 100
Setting the unit (vehicles with
steering wheel buttons) ................... 80Theft deterrent locking system
Immobilizer ...................................... 61
Tightening torque
Wheel nuts/wheel bolts ................ 232
Time
Setting

the time (vehicles without
steering wheel buttons) ................... 73
Setting the time (vehicles with
steering wheel buttons) ................... 82
tire
Wheel change ................................ 229
Tire
Labels ............................................ 279
Tire and Loading Information label .. 279
Tire Inflation Pressure label .............279
tire pressure Calling up (vehicles with steering
wheel buttons) ............................... 260
Tire pressure
Calling up (on-board computer) ..... 258
Checking manually ........................258
Display message ...........199, 203, 208
Maximum ....................................... 257
Recommended ...................... 255, 281
Setting the unit (vehicles with
steering wheel buttons) ................... 81
Tables ............................................ 281
Tire and Loading Information
label ............................................... 279
Tire Inflation Pressure label ...........279
Tire label ................................ 256, 279
Warning lamp ................................. 195
Tire pressure monitoring system
Function/notes ............................. 258
Tires
Aspect ratio (definition) ................. 270
Average weight of the vehicle
occupants (definition) .................... 269
Bar (definition) ............................... 268
Characteristics .............................. 268
Checking ........................................ 253
Definition of terms ......................... 268
Direction of rotation ......................272
Distribution of the vehicle
occupants (definition) .................... 271
DOT, Tire Identification Number
(TIN) ............................................... 268 Index
13

DOT (Department of
Transportation) (definition) ............
269
Flat tire .......................................... 221
GAWR (Gross Axle
Weight Rating)
(definition) ..................................... 269
GVW (Gross Vehicle Weight)
(definition) ..................................... 269
GVWR (Gross Vehicle Weight
Rating) (definition) .........................269
Increased vehicle weight due to
optional equipment (definition) ...... 269
Kilopascal (kPa) (definition) ........... 270
Labeling (overview) ........................ 266
Load bearing index (definition) ...... 271
Maximum loaded vehicle weight
(definition) ..................................... 270
Maximum load on a tire
(definition) ..................................... 270
Maximum permissible tire
pressure (definition) ....................... 270
Maximum tire load ......................... 265
Maximum tire load (definition) .......270
Optional equipment weight
(definition) ..................................... 270
PSI (pounds per square inch)
(definition) ..................................... 270
Replacing ....................................... 271
Service life ..................................... 254
Sidewall (definition) .......................270
Speed index (definition) ................. 269
Storing ........................................... 273
Structure and characteristics
(definition) ..................................... 268
TIN (Tire Identification Number)
(definition) ..................................... 271
Tire bead (definition) ......................270
Tire pressure (definition) ................ 270
Tire pressures (recommended) ...... 269
Tire size (data) ............................... 280
Tire size designation, load-bearing
capacity, speed index .................... 266
Tire tread ....................................... 253
Tire tread (definition) .....................270
Total load limit (definition) ............. 271
Traction (definition) ....................... 271
Uniform Tire Quality Grading
Standards (definition) .................... 269
Unladen weight (definition) ............ 270valve, Snap-In ................................
252
Wear indicator (definition) .............271
Wheel rim (definition) .................... 269
Tires
and wheels (important safety
information) ....................................... 252
tire sealant Storage location ............................ 184
Using ............................................. 222
Tools
see Vehicle tool kit ........................ 182
Top speed
Technical data ............................... 280
Top Tether ............................................ 44
Touchshift .......................................... 114
Tow-away protection .......................... 62
Towing ................................................ 248
Towing a trailer Driving tips .................................... 150
Towing eye ......................................... 249
Tow-starting ....................................... 248
Trailer Brake force booster malfunction ... 188
Coupling up ................................... 150
Decoupling ..................................... 152
Power supply ................................. 153
Towing ........................................... 151
Towing with PARKTRONIC .............122
Trailer tow hitch ............................. 284
Trailer coupling
Permitted weights and loads ......... 285
Trailer hitch ....................................... 284
Trailer loads and drawbar
noseweights ...................................... 152
Transmission oil ................................ 158
Transport by rail ................................ 140
Transporting Load distribution ...................146, 152
Loading .......................................... 144
Securing a load .............................. 146
Trip computer (vehicles with
steering wheel buttons) .....................85
Trip meter ............................................ 73
see Trip odometer
Trip odometer
Resetting ......................................... 7214
Index

Troubleshooting
Automatic transmission .................214
Driving systems
............................. 215
Turn signals ......................................... 90
Changing bulbs .............. 235, 236, 237
Two-way radio
Installation ..................................... 277U
Unlocking With button ...................................... 55
With key ........................................... 52V
Vehicle Assemblies .................................... 174
Cleaning ......................................... 162
Dimensions .................................... 280
Electronics

..................................... 276
Individual settings (vehicles with
steering wheel buttons) ................... 78
Loading .......................................... 261
Towing ........................................... 248
Tow-starting ................................... 248
Transporting .................................. 250
Weights .......................................... 280
Vehicle identification number .......... 277
Vehicle identification plates ............277
Vehicle key Malfunction .................................... 217
Vehicle tool kit .................................. 182
Voltage supply Fuses ............................................. 239W
Warning and indicator lamp Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) ............. 190
Warning and indicator lamps .............24
PARKTRONIC ................................. 215
Seat belt ........................................ 196
Warning lamp .................................... 183
Warning tones ................................... 212
Warning triangle ................................ 183
Washer fluid Display message ............................ 208
Indicator lamp ................................

196Topping up .....................................
171
Wiping with ...................................... 95
Wheel
Changing ....................................... 229
Rim size ......................................... 280
Spare wheel ................................... 185
Wheel chock

...................................... 229
Wheel nuts/wheel bolts Retightening .................................. 233
Tightening torque ........................... 232
Wheels
Changing/replacing .......................271
Checking ........................................ 253
Storing ........................................... 273
Wheel size/tire size ....................... 280
Window curtain air bag ....................... 41
Windows
Cleaning ......................................... 162
Cleaning the windshield ................. 163
Washing system ....................... 95, 171
Windshield
Cleaning ......................................... 163
Windshield heater ............................... 95
windshield heating Malfunction .................................... 211
Windshield washer fluid
Indicator lamp ................................ 196
Windshield wipers ............................... 94
Malfunction .................................... 219
Rain/light sensor ............................. 94
Replacing the wiper blades ............ 174
Setting the sensitivity (vehicles
with steering wheel buttons and
rain/light sensor) ............................. 84
Winter diesel ..................................... 154
Winter operation ....................... 153, 254
Winter tires M+S tires ....................................... 254
Working speed governor (ADR) ........ 117 X
Xenon headlamps see Bi-Xenon headlamps

Index
15

Vehicle equipment
i Diese Betriebsanleitung beschreibt alle
Modelle, Serien- und
Sonderausstattungen
Ihres Fahrzeugs, die zum Zeitpunkt des
Redaktionsschlusses dieser
Betriebsanleitung erhältlich waren.
Länderspezifische Abweichungen sind
möglich. Beachten Sie, dass Ihr Fahrzeug
nicht mit allen beschriebenen Funktionen
ausgestattet sein könnte. Dies betrifft auch
sicherheitsrelevante Systeme und
Funktionen. Environmental protection
0040
Environmental note
Our declared policy is one of comprehensive
environmental protection.
Our objective is to use natural resources,
which are the basis of our existence on this
planet, sparingly and in a manner that takes
the requirements of both nature and
humanity into account.
You too can contribute to environmental
protection by operating your vehicle in an
environmentally responsible manner.
Fuel consumption and engine, transmission,
brake and tire wear depend on these two
factors:
R operating conditions of your vehicle
R your personal driving style
You can influence both factors.
Observe the following notes: Operating
conditions:
R avoid driving short distances as this
increases fuel consumption.
R make sure that the tire pressures are
always correct.
R do not carry

any unnecessary weight in/on
the vehicle.
R keep an eye on the vehicle's fuel
consumption. R
remove roof racks

once you no longer need
them.
R a regularly serviced vehicle will contribute
to environmental protection. You should
therefore adhere to the specified service
intervals.
R always have maintenance work carried out
at an authorized Sprinter Dealer.
Personal driving style:
R do not depress the accelerator pedal when
starting the engine.
R do not warm up the engine when the
vehicle is stationary.
R adopt an anticipatory style of driving and
keep a sufficient distance from other
vehicles.
R avoid frequent, sudden acceleration.
R switch off the engine in stationary traffic. Environmental concerns and
recommendations
In this manual,

whenever you see instructions
to discard materials, you should first attempt
to reclaim and recycle them. To preserve our
environment, follow appropriate
environmental rules and regulations when
disposing of materials. Operating Safety
Safety notes
G
Warning
Engine exhaust,
some of its constituents, and
certain vehicle components contain or emit
chemicals known to

the State of California to
cause cancer and birth defects or other
reproductive harm.
In addition, certain fluids contained in
vehicles, and certain products of component
wear contain chemicals known to the State of
California to cause cancer and birth defects
or other reproductive harm. 16
Introduction

Emergency tensioning retractors, airbags and
remote control batteries

contain perchlorate,
which may require special handling and
regard for the environment. Check with your
local government's disposal guidelines.
California residents: see
http: / / www.dtsc.ca.gov /
HazardousWaste / Perchlorate / index.cfm. G
Warning
If work on electronic equipment and its
software is carried out incorrectly, this
equipment could stop

working. The electronic
systems are networked via interfaces.
Tampering with these electronic systems
could cause malfunctions in systems which
have not been modified. Malfunctions such as
these can seriously jeopardize the vehicle's
operating safety and therefore your own
safety.
You should therefore have all work and
modifications to electronic components
carried out at a qualified specialist workshop. G
Warning
A heavy impact to the underbody, tires or
wheels, for example when bottoming out on
rough terrain or driving over an obstacle at
high speed, could damage your vehicle. This
also applies to vehicles equipped with
underbody protection.
In this case, have your vehicle checked at an
authorized Sprinter Dealer.

In particular, work
relevant to safety or on safety-related
systems must be carried out at an authorized
Sprinter Dealer. G
Warning
Always have
maintenance work carried out at
an authorized Sprinter Dealer which has the
necessary specialist knowledge and tools to
carry out the work required. In particular,
work relevant to safety or on safety-related
systems must be

carried out at an authorized
Sprinter Dealer. Service and warranty information
The Service and Warranty Information
Booklet contains detailed information about
the warranties covering your Sprinter,
including
R New Vehicle Limited Warranty
R Diesel Engine Limited Warranty
R Corrosion Warranty
R Restraint System Limited Warranty
(vehicles sold and

registered in the State of
Kansas only)
R Emission Warranties required by law. Registering your vehicle
We may instruct our authorized Sprinter
Dealer to carry out technical inspections on
certain vehicles to improve their quality or
safety.
If you did not purchase your vehicle from an
authorized dealership and your vehicle has
not yet been inspected at an authorized
Sprinter Dealer, there

is a possibility that your
vehicle has not been registered in your name.
We will only be able to inform you about
vehicle inspections if we are in possession of
your registration data.
It is advisable to have your vehicle registered
at an authorized Sprinter Dealer.
Inform us as soon as possible if your address
has changed or if there has been a change of
vehicle owner. Digital speedometer and total
distance recorder
Do not allow the electronically stored total
distance covered by your vehicle to be
modified as a result of tampering with the
electronics system.
This type of modification or failing to inform
the buyer when selling the vehicle could
constitute an offense punishable by law. Introduction
17 Z

Modifying the engine power output
Having the engine power output of your
vehicle increased by tampering with the
electronic engine management system will
invalidate the vehicle's general operating
permit and insurance coverage, as well as
your New Vehicle Limited Warranty and
warranty entitlement.
Modifications to the output of the engine
must be reported to the insurance provider
and require the vehicle to be recertified. The
tires, chassis, brake and cooling systems
must be adapted to the increased engine
power output.
Tampering with the electronic engine
management system modifies emission
values and it
will not be possible to guarantee
the operating safety of the engine in every
case. Increases in performance may lead to
malfunctions and consequential damage to
other assemblies.
If you sell the vehicle, failing to inform the
buyer of the modified engine power output
could constitute an offense punishable by
law, depending on the country concerned. Diesel particle filter
! If the vehicle is predominantly used for
short-distance driving, this could lead to a
malfunction in the automatic cleaning
function for the diesel particle filter. As a
result, fuel may accumulate in the engine
oil and cause engine failure.
Therefore, if you mainly drive short
distances, you should

drive on a highway or
on rural roads for 20 minutes every
310 miles (500 km). This ensures sufficient
regeneration of the diesel particle filter. Vehicle alterations
We recommend the use of genuine Sprinter
parts and conversion parts as well as accessories that have been expressly
approved for your vehicle model.
These parts have been subjected to special
tests in order to determine their safety,
reliability and suitability.
!
For safety reasons, have add-on
equipment prepared and installed
according to the

Sprinter body/equipment
mounting directives in force. These body/
equipment mounting directives guarantee
that the chassis and add-on equipment
form a cohesive whole and that the highest
possible level of operating and driving
safety is reached.
We recommend for safety reasons that:
R you carry out no other modifications to
the vehicle.
R you obtain the agreement of the
distributor named on the inside of the
front cover for any deviations from the
approved body/equipment mounting
directives.
Approval by official testing centers or
permission given by authorities do not
eliminate safety risks.
! The wooden or plastic cargo area floor
fitted at the factory is an integral
component of the vehicle structure. The
vehicle body could be damaged if you have
the load area floor removed. This then
affects the securing of loads and the
maximum loading capacity of the lashing
points is no longer guaranteed.
Therefore, do not have the load area floor
removed.
Even seemingly small changes to the vehicle,
such as attaching a radiator cover for winter
driving or as protection against insects, are
not allowed. These could cause the engine
diagnostics to register incorrect data. The
recording of engine diagnostic data is a legal
requirement, and must always be verifiable
and accurate. 18
Introduction