correct NISSAN ALMERA N15 1995 Workshop Manual

•SHORT CIRCUIT
• SHORT TOGROUND

HOW
TOPERFORM EFFICIENT DIAGNOSIS FORANELECTRICAL INCIDENT
Circuit Inspection

•

A circuit isopen when thereisno continuity throughasection ofthe circuit.
There aretwo types ofshorts.
Whenacircuit contacts anothercircuitandcauses the
normal resistance tochange.
When acircuit contacts aground sourceandgrounds the
circuit.

INTRODUCTION

In general, testingelectrical circuitsisan easy taskifitis approached inalogical andorganized method.
Before beginning itis important tohave allavailable information onthe system tobe tested. Also,get
a thorough understanding ofsystem operation. Thenyouwillbeable touse theappropriate equipment
and follow thecorrect testprocedure.
You may have tosimulate vehiclevibrations whiletesting electrical components.
Gentlyshake
thewir-
ing harness orelectrical component todo this.

OPEN

SHORT

TESTING FOR"OPENS" INTHE CIRCUIT

[YJ
(Voltage check)
Before
youbegin todiagnose andtestthesystem, youshould roughsketch aschematic ofthe system.
This willhelp youtologically walkthrough thediagnosis process.Drawingthesketch willalso reinforce
your working knowledge ofthe system.

Inspection foropens
-+
DMM

Ll
~SE. ~L9~K

I
I

I __-,----

B + SIDE
I
OPEN

I I
A

L
-.J

[ill
DMM
SGI846
Continuity checkmethod

The continuity checkisused tofind anopen inthe circuit. TheDigital Multimeter (DMM)setonthe
resistance functionwillindicate anopen circuit asover limit(OL,nobeep toneorno ohms symbol). Make
sure toalways startwiththeDMM atthe highest resistance level.
To help inunderstanding thediagnosis ofopen circuits pleaserefertothe schematic above.
1. Disconnect thebattery negative cable.
2. Start atone end ofthe circuit andwork yourwaytothe.other end.(Atthe fuse block inthis exam-
ple)
3. Connect oneprobe ofthe DMM tothe fuse block terminal onthe load side.
4. Connect theother probe tothe fuse block (power) sideofSW1. Littleorno resistance willindicate
that portion ofthe circuit hasgood continuity. Ifthere wereanopen inthe circuit, theDMM would
indicate anover limitorinfinite resistance condition.(pointA)
5. Connect theprobes between SW1andtherelay. Littleorno resistance willindicate thatportion of
the circuit hasgood continuity. Ifthere wereanopen inthe circuit, theDMM would indicate anover
limit orinfinite resistance condition.(pointB)
6. Connect theprobes between therelay andthesolenoid. Littleorno resistance willindicate thatpor-
tion ofthe circuit hasgood continuity. Ifthere wereanopen inthe circuit, theDMM would indicate
an over limitorinfinite resistance condition.(pointC)
Any circuit canbediagnosed usingtheapproach inthe above example.

GI-23

CONSULTCHECKING SYSTEM
Function andSystem Application

Diagnostic FunctionECCSAirbag ASS NATS*1
test mode
Thismode enables atechnician toadjust somedevices
Work support fasterandmore accurately byfollowing theindications on
x

- --

CONSULT.
Self-diagnostic Self-diagnosticresultscanberead anderased quickly.
x
x x
x

results
ECU discriminated Classification
numberofareplacement ECUcanberead to

-
x

- -

No. preventanincorrect ECUfrom being installed.
Data monitor Input/Output
datainthe ECM canberead.
x

-
x

-

Diagnostic TestMode inwh.ich CONSULT drivessomeactua-
Active test tors
apart fromtheECMs andalso shifts some parameters
x

-
x

-

in aspecified range.
ECM partnumber ECM
partnumber canberead.
x

-
x

-

Function test Conducted
byCONSULT insteadofatechnician todetermine

x
- --

whether eachsystem is"OK" or"NG".
Control unitinitiali- Allregistered ignitionkeyIDsinNATS components canbe

- -
-
x

sation initialisedandnew IDscan beregistered.
Self-function checkECM
checks itsown NATS communication interface.

--
-
x

x :Applicable
*1: NATS: Nissan Anti-Theft System

LithiumBatteryReplacement

CONSUL Tcontains alithium battery. Whenreplacing thebattery obeythefollowing:

WARNING: Replace thelithium battery withSANYO ElectricCo.,ltd., CR2032 only.Useofanother batterymay
present arisk offire orexplosion. Thebattery maypresent afire orchemical burnhazard ifmistreated.
Do not recharge, disassemble ordispose ofinfire.
Keep thebaitery outofreach ofchildren anddiscard usedbattery conforming tothe local regulations.

Checking Equipment

When ordering thebelow equipment, contactyourNISSAN distributor.
Tool name
NISSAN CONSULT

CD
CONSULT unit
and accessories

@
Program card(EE940)
(AE930)*1, (AE950)*2,
(NATS-E940)*3 Description

NT004

* 1: For Australia
*2: Regarding ASSforAustralia, arevised program card(AE950) willbeapplicable tothis system in1995.
*3: An order forNATS program cardmust beplaced onlywithNISSAN EUROPE N.V.

GI-32

PRECAUTIONSANDPREPARATION
Supplemental RestraintSystem(SRS)"AIR
BAG" (DualAirBag System)

The Supplemental RestraintSystem"AirBag" usedalong withaseat belt,helps toreduce therisk or
severity ofinjury tothe driver andfront passenger inafrontal collision. TheSupplemental Restraint
System consists ofair bag modules (locatedinthe center ofthe steering wheelandonthe instrument
panel onthe passenger side),adiagnosis sensorunit,warning lamp,wiring harness andspiral cable.
Information necessarytoservice thesystem safelyisincluded inthe
RSsection
ofthis Service Manual.

WARNING:
• Toavoid rendering theSRS inoperative, whichcouldincrease therisk ofpersonal injuryordeath
in the event ofacollision whichwould resultinair bag inflation, allmaintenance mustbeperformed
by an authorized NISSANdealer.
• Improper maintenance, includingincorrectremovalandinstallation ofthe SRS, canlead topersonal
injury caused byunintentional activationofthe system.
• Donot use electrical testequipment onany circuit related tothe SRS unless instructed tointhis
Service Manual. SRSwiring harnesses arecovered withyellow insulation eitherjustbefore the
harness connectors orfor the complete harness,foreasy identification.
Supplemental RestraintSystem(SRS)"AIR
BAG" (Single AirBag System)

The Supplemental RestraintSystem"AirBag" andused along withaseat belt,helps toreduce therisk
or severity ofinjury tothe driver inafrontal collision. TheSupplemental RestraintSystemconsists of
an air bag module (located inthe center ofthe steering wheel),adiagnosis sensorunit,warning lamp,
wiring harness andspiral cable. Information necessarytoservice thesystem safelyisincluded inthe

RS section
ofthis Service Manual.

WARNING: • Toavoid rendering theSRS inoperative, whichcouldincrease therisk ofpersonal injuryordeath
in the event ofacollision whichwould resultinair bag inflation, allmaintenance mustbeperformed
by anauthorized NISSANdealer.
• Improper maintenance, includingincorrectremovalandinstallation ofthe SRS, canlead topersonal
injury caused byunintentional activationofthe system.
• Donot use electrical testequipment onany circuit related tothe SRS unless instructed tointhis
Service Manual.
HA-2

TROUBLEDIAGNOSES
Performance TestDiagnoses
INSUFFICIENT COOLING
INSUFFICIENT COOLING
CHECK AIRFLOW.
OK CHECK
BLOWER MOTOROPERATION.
OK
CHECK COMPRESSOR OPERATION.
OK Clogged
blowerinlet!
Clogged duct/Loose duct
connection/Air leakage,etc.
@

(Go to
next
page.)


(Go to
next page.)
OK CHECK HIGHANDLOW SIDE PRESSURE. USE
PERFORMANCE CHART.(RefertoHA-26.)

NG

RECOVER REFRIGERANT USINGRECOVERY
RECYCLING EQUIPMENT ANDCHARGE SPECI-
FIED AMOUNT OFREFRIGERANT.
CHECK HIGHANDLOW SIDE PRESSURE. USE
PERFORMANCE CHART.(RefertoHA-26.)
OK
CHECK DISCHARGE AIRTEMPERATURE. USE
PERFORMANCE CHART.(RefertoHA-26.)
NG
Malfunctioning temperaturecontroloperation
(air mix door position improperly adjusted)/
Malfunctioning watercockoperation (incorrect
valve closure)
Note:
Fa-Ii
correspond tothose inTROUBLE DIAGNOSES FOR
ABNORMAL PRESSURE.
(Refer toHA-27.)
HA-24NG
Note
BOTH HIGHANDLOW
m

PRESSURE SIDESARE
TOO HIGH.
HIGH PRESSURE SIDEIS

(;]

TOO HIGH ANDLOW
PRESSURE SIDEISTOO
LOW.
HIGH PRESSURE SIDEIS
TOO LOW ANDLOW
PRESSURE SIDEISTOO
HIGH.
BOTH HIGHANDLOW

Ii]

PRESSURE SIDESARE
TOO LOW.
LOW PRESSURE SIDE
SOMETIMES BECOMES
NEGATIVE.
LOW PRESSURE SIDE

Ii

BECOMES NEGATIVE.

TROUBLEDIAGNOSES
Trouble Diagnoses forAbnormal Pressure

Whenever system'shighand/or lowside pressure isabnormal, diagnoseusingamanifold gauge.The
marker abovethegauge scale
in
the following tablesindicates thestandard (normal)pressure range.
Since thestandard (normal)pressure, however,differsfromvehicle tovehicle, refertoHA-26 ("Ambi-
ent airtemperature-to-operating pressuretable").

Gauge indication
Both highandlow-pressure
sides aretoohigh.

m
Refrigerant
cycle
• Pressure isreduced soon
after water issplashed on
condenser. Probable
cause
Excessive refrigerant charge
in refrigeration cycle Corrective
action
Reduce refrigerant untilspec-
ified pressure isobtained.

•

Check
andrepair each
engine cooling system.
Replace expansion valve.
Evacuate
repeatedly and
recharge system.
Insufficient
condensercooling•Clean condenser.
performance •Check andrepair cooling

!
fanasnecessary.

CD
Condenser finsare
clogged.

@
Improper fanrotation of
cooling fan
Poor heatexchange incon-
denser (After compressor operation
stops, highpressure
decreases tooslowly.)

1

Air inrefrigeration cycle
Engine cooling systems mal-
function. • Excessive liquidrefrigerant
on low-pressure side
• Excessive refrigerant dis-
charge flow
• Expansion valveisopen a
little compared withthe
specification.

1

CD
Improper thermalvalve
installation

@
Improper expansion valve
adjustment
Air
suction bycooling fanis
insufficient.
• An area ofthe low-pres-
sure pipeiscolder than
areas neartheevaporator
outlet.
• Plates aresometimes cov-
ered withfrost.
•
Low-pressure pipeisnot
cold.
• When compressor is
stopped high-pressure
value quickly dropsby
approximately 196kPa (2.0
bar, 2
kg/cm
2,
28psi). It
then decreases gradually
thereafter.
Engine tendstooverheat.

AC359A
HA-27

TROUBLEDIAGNOSES
Trouble Diagnoses forAbnormal Pressure
(Cont'd)

Compressorpressureopera-Replacecompressor.
tion isimproper.

1

Damaged insidecompressor
packings
Gauge
indication
High-pressure sideistoo
high andlow-pressure sideis
too low.

AC360A

High-pressure sideistoo low
and low-pressure sideistoo
high.
[;J
AC356A

80th high- andlow-pressure
sides aretoolow.

I!]

AC353A
Refrigerant
cycle
Upper sideofcondenser and
high-pressure sidearehot,
however, liquidtankisnot so

hot.

High andlow-pressure sides
become equalsoonafter
compressor operationstops.
No temperature difference
between highandlow-pres-
sure sides
• There isabig temperature
difference betweenliquid
tank outlet andinlel. Outlet
temperature isextremely
low .
• Liquid tankinletandexpan-
sion valve arefrosted.
• Temperature ofexpansion
valve inletisextremely low
as compared withareas
near liquid tank.
• Expansion valveinletmay
be frosted .
• Temperature difference
occurs somewhere inhigh-
pressure side Probable
cause
High-pressure tubeorparts
located between compressor
and condenser areclogged
or crushed.
Compressor pressureopera-
tion isimproper.

1

Damaged insidecompressor
packings
Liquid tankinside isclogged
a lillie.
High-pressure pipelocated
between liquidtankand
expansion valveisclogged. Corrective
action
• Check andrepair or
replace malfunctioning
parts .
• Check lubricant forcontam-
ination.
Replace compressor.
• Replace liquidtank.
• Check lubricant forcontam-
ination.
• Check andrepair malfunc-
tioning parts.
• Check lubricant forcontam-
ination.

HA-28

TROUBLEDIAGNOSES
Trouble Diagnoses forAbnormal Pressure
(Cont'd)

Correctiveaction
• Remove foreignparticles
by using compressed air.
• Check lubricant forcontam-
ination.
• Check andrepair malfunc-
tioning parts.
• Check lubricant forcontam-
ination.
Replace compressor.
• Drain water fromrefriger-
ant orreplace refrigerant.
• Replace liqUidtank.
Expansion
valvecloses alit-
tle compared withthespecifi-
cation.

1

Water ismixed withrefriger-
ant. Probable
cause

1

CD
Improper expansion valve
adjustment

@
Malfunctioning thermal
valve

@
Outlet andinlet maybe
clogged.
Low-pressure pipeisclogged
or crushed.
Compressor pressureopera-
tion isimproper.

1

Damaged insidecompressor
packings Refrigerant doesnotdis-
charge cyclically.

1

Moisture isfrozen atexpan-
sion valve outlet andinlet.
Refrigerant
cycle
There isabig temperature
difference betweenexpansion
valve inletandoutlet while
the valve itselfisfrosted.
An area ofthe low-pressure
pipe iscolder thanpreas
near theevaporator outlet.
• Air conditioning system
does notfunction anddoes
not cyclically coolthecom-
partment air.
• The system constantly func-
tions foracertain periodof
time after compressor is
stopped andrestarted.
Air
flow volume isnot

AC353A
enough oristoo low.
@ Gauge
indication
Both high- andlow-pressure
sides aretoolow.

l!]

Low-pressure sidesome-
times becomes negative.

Ii

AC354A
•

HA-29

TROUBLEDIAGNOSES
Trouble Diagnoses forAbnormal Pressure
(Conl'd)

Gauge indication
Low-pressure sidebecomes
negative.

Ii

AC362A
Refrigerant
cycle
liquid tankorfront/rear side
of expansion valve'spipeis
frosted ordewed. Probable
cause
High-pressure sideisclosed
and refrigerant doesnotflow.

L

Expansion valveorliquid
tank isfrosted. Corrective
action
Leave thesystem atrest until
no frost ispresent. Startit
again tocheck whether or
not theproblem iscaused by
water orforeign particles .
• Ifwater isthe cause, ini-
tially cooling isokay. Then
the water freezes, causing
a blockage. Drainwater
from refrigerant orreplace
refrigerant.
• Ifdue toforeign particles,
remove expansion valve
and remove theparticles
with dryand compressed
air (not shop air).
• Ifeither ofthe above meth-
ods cannot correct the
problem, replaceexpansion
valve .
• Replace liquidtank.
• Check lubricant forcontam-
ination.

HA-30

PRECAUTIONSANDPREPARATION
Supplemental RestraintSystem(SRS)"AIR
BAG" (DualAirBag System)

The Supplemental RestraintSystem"AirBag", usedalong withaseat belt,helps toreduce therisk or•
severity ofinjury tothe driver andfront passenger inafrontal collision. TheSupplemental Restraint
i

System consists ofair bag modules (locatedinthe center ofthe steering wheelandonthe instrument
panel onthe passenger side).adiagnosis sensorunit,warning lamp,wiring harness andspiral cable.
Information necessarytoservice thesystem safelyisincluded inthe
RSsection
ofthis Service Manual.

WARNING:
• Toavoid rendering theSRS inoperative, whichcouldincrease therisk ofpersonal injuryordeath
in the event ofacollision whichwould resultinair bag inflation, allmaintenance mustbeperformed
by an authorized NISSANdealer.
• Improper maintenance, includingincorrectremovalandinstallation ofthe SRS, canlead topersonal
injury caused byunintentional activationofthe system.
• Donot use electrical testequipment onany circuit related tothe SRS unless instructed tointhis
Service Manual. SRSwiring harnesses arecovered withyellow insulation eitherjustbefore the
harness connectors orfor the complete harness,foreasy identification.
Supplemental RestraintSystem(SRS)"AIR
BAG" (Single AirBag System)

The Supplemental RestraintSystem"AirBag", usedalong withaseat belt,helps toreduce therisk or
severity ofinjury tothe driver inafrontal collision. TheSupplemental RestraintSystemconsists ofan
air bag module (located inthe center ofthe steering wheel),adiagnosis sensorunit,warning lamp,
wiring harness andspiral cable. Information necessarytoservice thesystem safelyisincluded inthe

RS section
ofthis Service Manual.

WARNING:
• Toavoid rendering theSRS inoperative, whichcouldincrease therisk ofpersonal injuryordeath
in the event ofacollision whichwould resultinair bag inflation, allmaintenance mustbeperformed
by an authorized NISSANdealer.
• Improper maintenance, includingincorrectremovalandinstallation ofthe SRS, canlead topersonal
injury caused byunintentional activationofthe system.
• Donot use electrical testequipment onany circuit related tothe SRS.
MA-3

PERIODICMAINTENANCE (ExceptforEurope)

The following tablesshowthenormal maintenance schedule.Depending uponweather andatmospheric
conditions, varyingroadsurfaces, individual drivinghabitsandvehicle usage,additional ormore fre-
quent maintenance mayberequired.

Periodic maintenance beyondthelast period shown onthe tables requires similarmaintenance .
Engine andEmission ControlService

•

Abbreviations: I
=
Inspect andcorrect orreplace asnecessary. R

MAINTENANCE OPERATION

Perform eitheratnumber ofkilometers (miles)
or months, whichever comestirst. km
x1,000
(Miles x1,000)
Months
Replace.
A
=
Adjust, C
=
Clean.

MAINTENANCE INTERVAL
10 20 3040
506070
80
Reference page
(6) (12) (18)
(24)(30)(36)(42)(48)
6 12 18
24
3036
42 48
Underhood andunder vehicle GA
SR
Intake
&
exhaust valveclearance (GA15DE
&
GA16DE engines) SeeNOTE (1)
EM41
-

Drive belts
II
MA 17
24
Engine anti-Ireeze coolant(Ethylene glycolbase)(LLC) RRMA 1929
Engine coolant (Softwater) RRR
R

R R

R
RMA
1929
Cooling system
I
I

I
I
MA 2131
Fuel lines
I
I
MA
22
32
Air cleaner filter(Drypaper type)*
CC
C RC CC RMA 23

-

Air cleaner filter(Viscous papertype)* R
RMA
2333
Engine oil(Use APISE,SF.SGorSH oil)*
R

RRRR R
RR
MA 24
33
Engine oilfilter* R
R R
R
R RRRMA
2433
Fuel filter* R
RMA
22
32
Spark plugs(except Platinum-tipped type) R
RMA
25

-

Spark plugs(platinum-tipped type) Replaceevery100,000 km(60.000 miles). MA

-
34
Ignition wires
I

I
MA
2635
PCV filter* R
RMA
26

-

Vapor lines
I

I
MA
26
36
(Heated) OxygenSensor
I

I

MA 2737
NOTE: (1)
If
valve noiseincreases, checkvalveclearance.

*
Maintenance itemswith
"*"
should beperformed morefrequently accordingto"Maintenance undersevere driv-
ing conditions".

MA-7