recommended oil PONTIAC FIERO 1988 Service Repair Manual

OA-2 GENERAL INFORMATION
VIN NUMBER PLATE
LOCATION
Fig. 2 Vehicle Identification Number Plate Location
marking indicating the strength of the material in the
fastener as outlined below. Metric cross recess screws
are identified by a Posidriv or Type
1A cross recess as
shown in Figure 8. Either a Phillips head or Type
1A
cross recess screwdriver can be used in Posidriv recess
screw heads, but Type
1A cross recess screwdrivers
will perform better.
NOTICE: Most metric fasteners have a blue color
coating. However, this should not be used as a
positive way of identifying as some metric fasteners
are not color coated.
General Motors Engineering Standards, along
with other North American Industries, have adopted
a portion of the standard metric fastener sizes defined
by
IS0 (International Standards Organization). This
was done to reduce the number of fastener sizes used
and yet retain the best strength qualities in each thread
size. For example, the customary 1/4-20 and 1/4-28
screws are replaced by the metric
M6.0 X 1 screw
which has nearly the same diameter and
25.4 threads
per inch. The thread pitch is in between the customary
coarse and fine thread pitches.
Metric and customary thread notation differ
slightly. The difference is shown in Figure 9.
FASTENER STRENGTH ODENTIFIGATION
Most commonly used metric fastener strength
property classes are 9.8 and 10.9 with the class
identification embossed on the head of each bolt.
Customary (inch) strength classes range from grade 2
to 8 with radial line identification embossed on each
bolt head
(i.e., grade 7 bolt will exhibit 5 embossed
radial lines on the bolt head). Some metric nuts will be
marked with single digit strength identification
numbers on the nut face. Figure 12 shows the different
strength markings.
When replacing metric fasteners, be careful to use
bolts and nuts of the same strength or greater than the
original fasteners (the same number marking or higher)
.It is also important to select replacement fasteners of
the correct size. Correct replacement bolts and nuts are
available through the parts division. Many metric
fasteners available in the after-market parts channels
were designed to metric standards of countries other
than the United States. These fasteners may be of a
lower strength, different thread pitch and may not have the
numbered head marking system. The metric
fasteners used on GM products are designed to new,
international standards that may not be used by some
nondomestic bolt and nut suppliers. In general, except
for special applications, the common sizes and pitches
are:
M 6.0
X 1
M 8 x 1.25
M 10 X 1.5 M 12 X 1.75
M 14x2 I
PREVAILING TORQUE FASTENERS
A prevailing torque nut is designed to develop an
interference between the nut and bolt threads. This is
most often accomplished by distortion of the top of an
all-metal nut or by using a nylon patch on the threads
in the middle of the hex flat.
A nylon insert may also
be used as a method of interference between nut and
bolt threads (Fig. 11).
A prevailing torque bolt is designed to develop an
interference between bolt and nut threads, or the
threads of a tapped hole. This is accomplished by
distorting some of the threads or by using a nylon patch
or adhesive (Fig. 11).
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FASTENER REUSE: I
Clean, unrusted prevailing torque nuts and bolts
may be reused as follows:
a. Clean dirt and other foreign material off nut
or bolt.
b. Inspect nut or bolt to insure there are no
cracks, elongation, or other signs of abuse
or overtightening. (If there is any doubt,
replace with a new prevailing torque
fastener of equal or greater strength.)
c. Lightly coat bolt
& nut with engine oil.
Assemble parts and hand start nut or bolt.
d. Observe that before fastener seats, it
develops torque per the chart in Figure
10.
(If there is any doubt, replace with a new
prevailing torque fastener of equal or
greater strength.)
e. Tighten fastener to torque specified in
appropriate section of this manual.
Bolts and nuts which are rusty or damaged
should be replaced with new parts of equal or
greater strength.
VEHICLE LIF"TING PROCEDURES
NOTICE: When jacking or lifting vehicle from
frame side rails, be certain lift pads do not contact
catalytic converter as damage to converter will
result.
Many dealer service facilities and service stations
are equipped with a type of automotive hoist which
must bear upon some part of the frame in order to lift
the vehicle. Figures 14 and 15 indicate the
recommended areas for hoist contact for Pontiac
Sunbird models.
If any other hoist methods are used, special care
must be used not to damage the fuel tank, filler neck,
I
exhaust system or underbody. I

MAINTENANCE AND LUBRICATION OB-1
SECTION OB
NTENANCE AND LUBR
CONTENTS
Maintenance Schedule, Gasoline .............................................. OB-l
Maintenance Schedules I and 11 .............................................. OB-2
Owner Inspections
......................................................... OB-3
Recommended Fluids and Lubricants ......................................... OB-6
PASSENGER CAR MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE
VEHICLES
WITH GASOLINE ENGINE
NORMAL CAR USE ITEM 4
The maintenance services contained in Schedules I Carburetor or Throttle Body Mounting Bolt
and 11 are based on the assumption that your car will be Torque* used as designed:
Check torque of mounting bolts and/or nuts. @ To carry passengers and cargo within the limits
shown on the Tire Placard located on the edge of the ITEM 5 driver's door.
@ On reasonable road surfaces within legal driving Engine Idle Speed Adjustment*
limits. (Engines
without Idle Speed Control or Idle Air
Control) - Adjust to specifications shown on the under- @ On unleaded gasoline.
hood label. If no specifications are shown on the label, no
adjustment is necessary. Calibrated test equipment must
EXPLANATION OF SCHEDULED MAINTENANCE be used. SERVICES
The services listed in Maintenance Scheduies I and ITEM 6
11 are further explained below. When the following main- ~i~~ and wheel aotation tenance services are performed, make sure all parts are
replaced and all necessary repairs are done before driving To equalize wear and obtain maximum tire life,
your car. Be sure to use the proper fluid and lubricants as rotate in accordance with patterns shown in Owner's
shown in Figure OB-2. Manual.
ITEM 1
Engine Oil and Oil Filter Change*
ALWAYS USE SFICC OR SF/CD ENERGY CON-
SERVING OILS OF PROPER VISCOSITY
- Also.
always change oil and filter as soon as possible after
driving in a dust storm. See your Owner's Manual for
further details.
ITEM 2
Chassis Lubrication
Lubricate all grease fittings in suspension and steer-
ing linkage. Lubricate
transmissionltransaxle shift
linkage, parking brake cable guides, underbody contact
points and linkage. Also lubricate clutch cross shaft lever
every
30,000 miles (50 000 km) on rear-wheel-drive cars
only.
ITEM 3
Carburetor Choke and Hoses*
If your car is equipped with a carburetor, verify that
choke and vacuum break work properly and are within
specifications. Correct any binding caused by damage or
gum on the choke shaft. Inspect hoses for proper hookup,
cracks, chafing or decay. Correct as necessary.
Vacuum or A.I.R. Pump Drive Belt Inspection*
When a separate belt is used to drive the vacuum or
A.I.R.
pump, inspect it for cracks, fraying, wear and
proper tension. Adjust or replace as needed.
ITEM 8
Cooling System Service*
Drain, flush and refill system with new coolant. See
your Owner's Manual
for further details.
ITEM 9
Wheel Bearing Repack (Rear-Wheel-Drive Cars
Only Except Corvette)
Clean and repack front wheel bearings at each brake
relining or 15,000 miles
(25 000 km), whichever comes
first, when car is used in such service as police, taxi or
door-to-door delivery. If you do not use your car in such
service, clean and repack bearings at each brake relining
or 30,000 miles
(50 000 km), whichever comes first.
Corvette models do not require wheel bearing repack.

MAINTENANCE AND LUBRICATION OB-5
Throttle linkage inspection -- Inspect for inter-
ference, binding, damaged or missing parts.
Engine drive belts inspection - Inspect all
belts for cracks, fraying and wear. Adjust or replace as
needed.
Rear axle service (if equipped) - Check gear
lubricant level and add if needed. For cars equipped with a
limited slip rear axle, fluid does not require changing
(except Caprice and Corvette
- change fluid and required
additive at first
7,500 miles (12 500 km). See your
Owner's Manual or "Recommended Fluids
& Lubricants
Chart" in this section.
IF YOU USE YOUR GAR TO PULL A TRAILER,
CHANGE GEAR LUBRICANT EVERY 7,500 MILES
(12 500 KM).
NOTICE: A large loss in this system may indicate a
problem. Have it inspected and repaired at once.
Power antenna - Clean and then lubricate power
antenna mast. The proper lubricant as shown in Figure
OB-2 should be used.
AT LEAST ONCE A YEAR
Lap and shoulder belts condition and opera-
tion
- Inspect belt system, including webbing, buckles,
latch plates, retractors, guide loops and anchors.
Moveable head restraint operation - On cars
with moveable restraints, make sure restraints stay in the
desired position. (See adjustment instructions in your
Owner's Manual.)
Seatback latch and recliner operation on
cars equipped
with recliner seat --- Be sure seat-
backs latch on those cars with folding seats using mechan-
ical latches. Make sure the recliner is holding by pushing
and pulling on the top of the
seatback while it is reclined.
See your Owner's Manual for seat operating information.
Spare tire and jack storage- Be alert to rattles
in rear of car. Make sure the space tire, all jacking equip-
ment, any tire inflator and any covers or doors are securely
stowed at all times. Oil jack ratchet or screw mechanism
after each use.
Key lock service - Lubricate key lock cylinder at
least annually.
Body lubrication service - Lubricate all body
door hinges including the tailgate or hatchback lid (if
equipped). Also lubricate the body hood, fuel door and
rear compartment hinges and latches including interior
glove box and counsel doors, and any folding seat
hardware.
"Fansmissionltransaxle neutral or clutch
starl switch operation
CAUnON: Before pedorming the follow-
ing safety switch check, be sure to have
enough room around the car. Then, firmly
apply both the parking brake (see your
Owner's Manual for procedure) and the
regular brakes. Do not use the accelerator pedal.
If the engine
starls, be ready to turn
off the ignition promptly. Take these pre-
cautions because the car could move
without warning and possibly cause per-
sonal injury or properly damage. On auto-
matic transmissionltransaxle cars, try to
starl the engine in each gear. The starler
should crank only in "Park" or "Neutral."
On manual transmissionltransaxle cars,
place the
shiR lever in "Neutral," push the
clutch halfway and try to starl. The starler
should crank only when the clutch is fully
depressed.
Steering column lock operation
- While
parked, try to turn key to "Lock" in each gear range. The
key should turn to "Lock" only when gear is in "Park" on
automatic or "Reverse" on manual
transmissionltransax-
le. On cars with key release lever, try to turn key toULock"
without depressing the lever. The key should turn to
"Lock" only with the key lever depressed. On all vehicles,
the key should come out only in "Lock."
Parking brake and transmissionltransaxle
"Park" mechanism operation
CAUT1ON:Before checking the holding
ability of the parking brake and automatic
transmissionltransaxle "Park" mecha-
nism, park on a fairly steep hill with
enough room for movement in the down-
hill direction. To reduce the risk of person-
al injury or property damage, be prepared
to apply the regular brakes promptly if the
car begins to move.
To check the parking brake, with the engine running and
transmission/transaxle in "Neutral." slowly remove foot
pressure from the regular brake pedal (until the car is held
by only the parking brake).
To check the automatic transmissionltransaxle "Park"
mechanism holding ability, release all brakes after shift-
ing the transmissionltransaxle to "Park."
ljnderbody flushing - At least every spring,
tlush from the underbody with plain water any corrosive
materials used for ice and snow removal and dust control.
Take care to thoroughly clean any areas where mud and
other debris can collect.
Sediment packed in closed areas
of the vehicle should be loosened before being flushed.
Engine cooling system service - Inspect
coolant and freeze protection. If dirty or rusty, drain, flush
and refill with new coolant. Keep coolant
at the proper
mixture as specified in your Owner's Manual. This pro-
vides proper freeze protection. corrosion inhibitor level
and engine operating temperature. Inspect hoses and re-
place if cracked. swollen or deteriorated. Tighten hose
clamps. Clean outside of radiator and air conditioning
condensor. Wash radiator filler cap and neck.
To help
ensure proper operation. a pressure test of both the cooling
system and cap is also recommended. (See maintenance
schedule charts in Figure
OB-l for the recommended
coolant change interval.)

NOTE: Fluids and lubricants identified below by name, part number or specification may be obtained from your GM dealer.
Figure 00-2 Recommended Fluids and Lubricants
USAGE
Engine
Oil
Engine Coolant
Brake and
Hydraul~c Clutch Systems
Parking Brake Cables
Power Steering System
Manual
Steerlng Gear (reclrculat~ng ball)
Automatic
Transrn~ssionRransaxle and 5 Speed Manual Transm~ss~ons
Manual Transm~ssion (rear-wheel-drive) 4 Speed
Manual
Transm~ss~onRransaxle Shin Linkage
Key Lock Cylinders
Automatic Transmlss~onfrransaxle Shlft Llnkage
Clutch Llnkage Plvot Po~nts
Floor Sh~n L~nkage
Power Antenna Mast (3-mast sect~on-type only)
Chass~s Lubr~cation
Standard D~fferent~al Rear Axle
L~m~ted-Sl~p D~flerent~al Rear Axle
W~ndsh~eld.Washer Solvent
Hood Latch Assembly
a)
Plvots and Sprlng Anchor
b) Release Pawl
Front Wheel Bearings
(rearqwheel-drive)
Hood and door hlnges, statlon wagon tailgate hlnge or hatchback Ild and Ilnkage, headl~ght door assembl~es, statlon wagon rear foldrng seat, fuel door hlnge, rear compartment Ihd hlnges
Weatherstr~ps
FLUlDlLUBRlCANT
GM Goodwrench Motor 011 or equivalent for API Se~lce, SFICC or SFICD of the
recommended v~scos~ty
M~xture of water and good qual~ty ethylene glycol base antllreeze conforming to GM spec 1825M (GM Part No 1052753)
Delco Supreme 11
Fluld (GM Part No 1052535) or DOT-3 Fluld
Chass~s grease meetlng requirements of GM-6031M (GM Part No 1052497)
GM power
steerlng flu~d, Part No 1052884 or equivalent
Use lubricant meetlng requirements of GM-4673M (GM Part No 1052182)
DEXR0N'-II Automat~c Transm~ss~on Flu~d (GM Part No 1051855) Camaro and Flreblrd (5 Speed)
Corvette overdr~ve unlt - DEXRON a.II All others SAE-80W-90 GL-5 gear lubr~cant (GM Part No 1052271)
Chass~s grease meetlng requirements of GM-6031M (GM Part No 1052497)
Black Key Lock
Cyl~nders - light oil (GM Par1 No. 1052949)
All other Key Lock Cyl~nders - sllicone lubrlcant (GM Part No 1052277)
Eng~ne 011
Eng~ne 011
Eng~ne 011
Llght 011 (GM Part No 1052949)
Chass~s grease meetlng requirements of GM-6031M (GM Part No 1052497)
SAE
80W or SAE 80W-90 GL-5 (SAE 80W GL-5 In Canada) gear lubricant (GM Part No
1052271)
For Camaro only
- Use SAE BOW190 GL-5+ Hypold 011 (GM Part No 1050010), 11 equ~pped wl5 7L (L98) Englne or 5 OL (LB9) engine wmpeed manual transm~ss~on and disc brakes
All other applications - Use SAE 80W or SAE 80W-90 GL-5 Gear Lubr~cant (GM Part No
1052271)
GM
Opt~kleen Washer Solvent (GM Part No 1051515) or equ~valent
a) Eng~ne 011 b) Chass~s grease meet~ng requirements of GM.6031M (GM Part No 1052497)
Lubricant GM Part No 1051344 grease or equivalent
Eng~ne 011
S~l~cone Grease (GM Part No 1052863) or equivalent

18-12 AIR CONDITIONING
ELEGTRICAWACUUM SYSTEM
DIAGNOSIS
When diagnosing problems in the electrical sys-
tems of the air conditioning system, consult section
8A.
LEAK TESTING THE REFRIGERANT
SYSTEM
Whenever a refrigerant leak is suspected in the
system or a service operation performed which results
in disturbing lines or connections, it is advisable to
test for leaks.
Liquid Leak Detectors
There are a number of locations (fittings,
valves, etc.) on the air conditioning system where a
liquid leak detector solution may be used to pinpoint
refrigerant leaks.
By applying test solution to the area in question
with the swab that is attached to the bottle cap, bub-
bles will form within seconds if there is a leak.
For restricted access areas, such as sections of
the evaporator and condenser, an electronic leak
detector, such as
5-29547 or equivalent, is more prac-
tical for determining and locating leaks.
3-LOW BATTERY
INDICATOR
2-HI-LOW SWITCH
4-BALANCE CONTROL
Figure 12 Electronic Leak Detector J-29547
ELECTRONIC LEAK TESTERS
(Figure 12)
Electronic leak testers can accurately determine
leaks in areas that are difficult to test with liquid leak
detectors due to poor visibility or inaccessibility.
The H-10 Leak Detector 5-26934 is a 110-volt,
A/C powered tester while the Refrigerant Leak Detec-
tor J-29547 is a portable, battery operated model.
Both models provide visual
and/or audible signals to
indicate leak detection.
The successful use of electronic leak detectors
depends upon carefully following the manufacturer's
instructions regarding calibration, operation and
maintenance. Battery condition is especially impor-
tant to the accuracy of the portable battery powered
model
5-29547 and is monitored by a low battery
indicator.
SERVICE PROCEDURES
Before attempting any service which requires
opening of refrigerant lines or components, the person
doing the work should be thoroughly familiar with the
information under HANDLING REFRIGERANT- 12,
HANDLING REFRIGERANT LINES AND FIT-
TINGS AND MAINTAINING CHEMICAL STA-
BILITY IN THE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM. Very
carefully follow the DISCHARGING, ADDING OIL,
EVACUATING AND CHARGING PROCEDURES
FOR
A/C SYSTEMS instructions given on the fol-
lowing pages for the unit being serviced.
Sealing caps should be removed from sub-
assemblies just prior to making connections for final
assembly. Use a small amount of clean 525 viscosity
refrigerant oil on all tube and hose joints. Always use
new O-rings dipped in the clean 525 viscosity refrig-
erant oil when assembling joints. The oil will aid in
assembly and help provide a leak-proof joint. When
tightening joints, use a second wrench to hold station-
ary part of connection so that
a solid feel can be
attained. This will indicate proper assembly.
Tighten all tubing connections as shown in
torque chart (Figure
13). Insufficient or excessive
torque when tightening can result in loose joints or
deformed joint parts. Either condition can result in
refrigerant leakage.
O-RING REPWCEMENT
Install new G. M. approved service replacement
air conditioning
"0" rings whenever a joint or fitting
is disassembled, except when provided on new com-
ponents. Even though an
"0" ring may look the same,
it is extremely important that only recommended ser-
vice replacement air conditioning
"0" rings be used or
excessive leakage of Refrigerant 12 may occur.

3A-2 WHEEL ALIGNMENT
0 FRONT
& OF WHEEL
CASTER ANGLE
LEFT SIDE
VIEW
CAMBER
I
Fig. 1 Alignment Angles
the equipment used to adjust alignment, the car must
be on a
level surface, both fore-and-aft and sideways.
ON-CAR SERVICE
CASTER AND CAMBER ADJUSTMENT nuts and bolts. Apply penetrating oil between the
clamp and tube and rotate the clamps until they move
Before adjusting caster and camber the freely. Install new bolts and nuts having the same part front be 'aised and twice to number to assure proper at the specified nut allow vehicle to return to its normal height. See "Trim torque. Heights."
Caster and camber can be adjusted by moving the
position of the upper strut mount assembly, as shown
in Fig. 601. Moving
the mount forward/rearward
adjusts caster; 'movement inboard/outboard adjusts
camber.
The position of the mount can be changed after
loosening the three nuts shown in Fig.
601. The weight
of the vehicle will normally cause the strut assembly to
move to the full inboard position.
Install Tool
5-29724 and tighten the turnbuckle
until the proper camber reading is obtained. Then, if
an adjustment in caster is required, the mount can be
tapped forward or rearward with a rubber mallet.
Tighten the three
(3) nuts to specifications.
TOE-IN ADJUSTMENT
Toe-in can be increased or decreased by changing
the length of the tie rods.
A threaded sleeve is provided
for this purpose.
When the tie rods are mounted ahead of the
steering knuckle they must be decreased in length in
order to increase toe-in.
1. Loosen the clamp bolts at each end of the steering
tie rod adjustable sleeves.
2. With steering wheel set in straight ahead position,
turn tie rod adjusting sleeves to obtain the proper
toe-in
adjustrne~t.
3. When adjustment has been completed according
to the recommended snecifications. check to see
Tie rod adjuster parts often become rusted in
that the number of thrkads showing on each end
service. In such cases, it is recommended that if the
of sleeve are equal and that the tie rod end
torque required to remove the nut from the bolt after housings are at the right angles to steering arm.
breakaway exceeds 9.0
Nam (80 lb. in.), discard the
Position tie rod clamps and sleeves. Torque nuts.

386-2 STEERING LINKAGE
LUBRICATION ADJUSTMENTS
The steering linkage should be lubricated with any
water resistant
EP type chassis lubricant at specified Toeein
intervals. Lubrication points and additional information on Adjust
the steering linkage for proper toe-in setting as
chassis lubrication can be found in Section
OB. outlined in Section 3A.
ON-CAR SERVICE 3. To remove outer ball stud, use a tool such as
RELAY ROD
Fig. 3B6-2--Series Linkage Components
TIE RODS
There are two tie rod assemblies. Each assembly is of
five piece construction, consisting of a sleeve, two clamps
and two tie rod ends. The ends are threaded into the sleeve
and locked with the clamps.
Right and left hand threads are
provided to facilitate toe-in adustment and steering gear
centering.
The tie rod ends are self-adjusting for wear and require
no attention in service other than periodic lubrication and
occasional inspection to see that ball studs are tight.
Tie rod adjuster components often become rusted
in
service. In such cases, it is recommended that if the torquc
required to remove the nut from thc bolt after break:iw:~>
exceeds 9 N.m (7 Ib, ft.), discard the nuts and bolth. Appl!
any penetrating oil betwoon thc clamp and tube ;~nd roliitc
the clamps until they movt. frcely. Install nc\4 bolts and nuts
having the same part number to assure proper clamping at
the specified nut torque.
Removal
I. qaise vehicle on hoiht.
2. Remove cotter pins and nuts from ball studs.
5-243 19-01, or 5-6627 as shown in Fig. 3B6-3
NOTICE: Do not attempt to disengage the joint by
driving a wedge between the joint and the knuckle,
because seal damage could result.
4. Remove inner ball stud from relay rod using same
procedure as described in Step 3.
5. To remove tie rod ends from tie rods, loosen clamp bolts
and unscrew end assemblies.
Installation
NOTICE: See NOTICE on page I of this section
regarding the fasteners referred to in step
4.
1. If the tie rod ends were removed, lubricate the tie rod
threads with any
EP type Chassis lube and install ends
on tie rod making sure both ends are threaded an equal
distance from the tie rod.
2. Make sure that the threads on the ball stud and in the
ball stud nuts are clean and smooth. If threads are not
clean and smooth, ball studs may turn in tie rod ends
when attempting to tighten nut. In addition tapered
surfaces should be clean and free from grease. Install
seals on ball studs.
3. Install ball studs in steering arms and relay rod.
4. Torque nuts to 48N.m (35 Ib. ft.). Then tighten nuts
enough to align the slot in the nut with the hole in the
stud. Install cotter pins. Lubricate tie rod
end\.
5. Lower vehicle to floor.
Fig. 3B6-3--Freeing Ball Stud

3E.4 TIRES AND WHEELS
TIRE CHAIN USAGE
Fig. 6
Due to limited tire-to-body clearance on certain
cars, tire chain usage recommendations have been
published in the Owner's Manual. When chains are to
be used, most current
GM cars require SAE Class "S"
tire chains. These may also be designated as 1100
Series, Type PL tire chains. These chains are specially
designed to limit the "fly off' effect that occurs when
the wheel rotates.
Manufacturers of tire chains have a specific chain
size for each tire size to ensure proper fit when
installed. Therefore, be sure to purchase the correct
chains for the tires on which they are to be used.
Rubber adjusters should not be used to take up slack
or clearance in chains which are loose due to incorrect
size. Always follow the chain manufacturers
installation instructions.
Use of chains may adversely affect car handling.
When using chains:
@ Adjust speed to road conditions
@ Avoid sharp turns
@ Avoid locked-wheel braking
In general, to help prevent chain damage
to your car:
@ Install the chains on the drive tires as tightly as
possible, then tighten them again after driving
1/4 to 1/2 mile (0.4 to
0.8 kilometer). The use of
chains on the non-drive tires is not recommended;
the chains may contact and possibly damage the
car. If you intend to use chains on the non-drive
tires, be sure there is enough clearance.
e Do not exceed 45 mph (70 km/h), or the chain
manufacturer's speed limit, if lower.
@ Drive in a restrained manner and avoid large
bumps, potholes, severe turns and other
maneuvers which could cause the tires to bounce
up and down.
e Follow any other instructions of the chain
manufacturer which do not disagree with the
above.
Additional specific information is
published in the Owner's Manual.
SERVICE OPERATIONS
WHEEL REMOVAL
Fig. 7A
Sometimes wheels can be difficult to remove from
the car due to foreign material or a tight fit between the
wheel center hole and the hub or rotor. These wheels
can be removed without damage as follows:
1. Tighten all wheel nuts on the affected wheel, then
loosen each wheel nut two turns.
2. Lower car onto floor.
3. Rock the car from side to side as hard as possible
using one or more person's body weight to loosen
the wheel, and/or rock the car from
"Drive" to
"Reverse" allowing car to move several feet in
each direction. Apply quick, hard jabs on the
brake pedal to loosen the wheel.
WPE ""P"
1200 SERIES, SAE CUSS ""Up
WPE ""RP"
4800 SERIES, LUG-REINFORCED
Fig. 6 Examples of Passenger Car Tire Chains
4.
Raise the car. Remove the wheel nuts and the
wheel.
Penetrating oil has not been found to be effective
in removing tight wheels, however,
if it is used, it
should be applied sparingly to the wheels center hole
area only.
DO not allow the penetrating oil to get on
the vertical surfaces between the wheel and the drum
(or rotor) because penetrating oil in this area could
cause the wheel to work loose as the car is driven
causing loss of control.
NEVER use heat to loosen a tight wheel because
the application of heat to the wheel can shorten the life
of the wheel, wheel bolts and/or wheel bearings.
Excessive force such as hammering the wheel or
tire can also cause damage and is not recommended.
Slight tapping of the tire side wall, such as with one's
hand or a rubber mallet, is normally acceptable.
Before installing wheels, remove any build up of
corrosion on the wheel mounting surface and brake
drum or rotor mounting surface by scraping and wire
brushing. Installing wheels without good
metal-to-metal contact at the mounting surfaces can
cause wheel nuts to loosen, which can later allow the
wheel to come off causing loss of control.
Wheel nuts must be tightened in sequence and to
proper torque to avoid bending wheel or brake drum
or rotor.
0P"FIONAL 16" WHEEL
Fig. 7
Firebirds equipped with optional 16" cast
aluminum wheels and cast iron brake
drums will

BRAKES 5-9
TUBE hlUST BE
SUBMERGED IN
Figure 7 Bleeding Brakes
3. Charge the bleeder to 140-172
kPa (20-25 psi).
4. Connect line to adapter. Open the line valve and
depress bleed off valve on top of adapter until a few
drops of fluid appear.
5. Rear drum brakes require manual override of the
combination valve to permit flow to the front wheels. Use
J 35856 to hold the valve stem open when pres-
sure bleeding.
6. Raise car. See Section
OA.
7. Bleed the brakes in the following sequence:
a. right rear
b. left rear
c. right front
d. left front
8. Place a proper size box end wrench or
J 21472 over
the bleeder valve. Attach a clear tube over valve and
allow tube to hang submerged in a clear container
partially filled with brake fluid. When bleeding drum
brakes, use
J 28434 on the bleeder screw. Attach the
bleeder tubing to the tool and submerge the other end
in a clean container partially filled with brake fluid.
9. Open the bleeder valves at least 3/4 turn and allow
flow to continue until no air is seen in the fluid.
10. Close the bleeder valves or screws.
Be sure they seal.
11. Repeat steps
7 through 10 until all calipers and wheel
cylinders have been bled.
12. Lower car. See Section OA.
13. Check the brake pedal for "sponginess" and the
"BRAKE" warning lamp for indication of unbalanced
pressure.
* Repeat entire bleeding procedure to correct
either of these two conditions.
14. Remove brake bleeding equipment from master cyl-
inder.
FLUSHING BRAKE HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
It is recommended that the complete hydraulic system be
thoroughly flushed with clean brake fluid whenever new
parts are installed in the hydraulic system.
1 - MASTER CYLINDER
u 2 - HOSE TO BLEEDER
Figure 8 Pressure Bleeding Adapter (Typical)
The system must be flushed if there is any doubt about
the grade of fluid in the system or if fluid has been used
which contains the slightest trace of mineral oil.
All rubber parts that have been used with contaminated
fluid must be replaced.
BRAKE PIPE REPLACEMENT
(Figures
9 through 11)
Tool Required:
J 29803 I.S.O. Flaring Tool
CAUTION: Never use copper tubing because
copper is subject to fatigue cracking and corro-
sion which could result in brake failure. Use dou-
ble-walled steel tubing.
I.S.O. Flare
1. Obtain the recommended tubing and steel fitting nuts
of the correct size. Outside diameter of tubing is used
to specify size.
2. Cut tubing to length. Correct length may be deter-
mined by measuring old pipe using a string and
adding 3mm ('la-inch) for each I.S.O. flare.
3. Make sure fittings are installed before starting flare.
Flare tubing ends using I.S.O. flaring kit
J 29803. Fol-
low instructions included in tool set.
4. Bend pipe assembly to match old pipe using a tubing
bender. Clearance of
19mm (314-inch) from all moving
parts and
13mm (lh-inch)from all vibrating parts must
be maintained.
BRAKE HOSE INSPECTION
0 inspect
The flexible hydraulic brake hoses, which transmit
hydraulic pressure from the steel brake lines on the body to
the rear axle and the calipers, should be inspected at least
twice a year when the car is on a lift for lubrication. The

6-2 ENGINE GENERAL INFORMATION
6E3 - Fuel Injection (Ported) This section has information
on all exhaust
system parts, such as tailpipes, mufflers, and the
SECTION 6F - EXHAUST SYSTEM catalytic converter.
GENERAL INFORMAflION
CLEANLINESS AND CARE
An automobile engine is a combination of many
machined, honed, polished and lapped surfaces with
tolerances that are measured in the ten-thousandths of
an inch. When any internal engine parts are serviced,
care and cleanliness are important. A liberal coating of
engine oil should be applied to friction areas during
assembly, to protect and lubricate the surfaces on
initial operation. Throughout this section, it should be
understood that proper cleaning and protection of
machined surfaces and friction areas is part of the
repair procedure. This is considered standard shop
practice, even if not specifically stated. PREVENTING
DAMAGE AND IN
CONTRIBUTING TO RELIABLE ENGINE
PERFORMANCE.
When raising or supporting the engine for any
reason, do not use a jack under the oil pan. Due to the
small clearance between the oil pan and the oil pump
screen, jacking against the oil pan may cause it to be
bent against the pump screen resulting in a damaged
oil pick-up unit.
When working on the engine, remember that the
12-volt electrical system is capable of causing short
circuits. When performing any work where electrical terminals could possibly be grounded, the ground cable
of the battery should be disconnected at the battery.
Any time the carburetor or air cleaner is
train components are removed removed, the intake opening should be covered. This for service, they should be in order' will protect against entrance of foreign be installed in the same locations, and with the same material, which could follow the intake passage into mating surfaces, as when removed
the cylinder and cause extensive damage when the -
Battery cables should be disconnected before any engin; is started.
major work is performed on the engine. Failure to IN THE MECHANICAL PROCEDURES
disconnect cables may result in damage to wire harness DESCRIBED IN THIS SECTION, GENERALLY
or other electrical parts. NO
REFERENCES WILL BE MADE TO THE
REMOVAL OF OPTIONAL EQUIPMENT SUCH
ENGINE SERVICE AS POWER STEERING PUMP, AIR
CONDITIONING COMPRESSOR, ETC.
THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION ON SHOULD IT BECOME NECESSARY TO
ENGINE SERVICE SHOULD BE NOTED REMOVE ANY SUCH ITEM TO
PERFORM
CAREFULLY, AS IT IS IMPORTANT IN OTHER SERVICE, REFER TO THE
APPROPRIATE SECTION OF THIS SERVICE
MANUAL FOR SPECIFIC INFORMATION.
ENGINE PERFORMANCE DIAGNOSIS
INTRODUCTION interchangeably for so long, it was necessary to decide
on the most common usage and then define them. If the
Engine Performance procedures are definition is not understood, and the exact Symptom is
guides that will lead to the most probable causes of not used, the Diagnostic procedure will not work. engine performance complaints. They cover the
components of the fuel, ignition, and mechanical It
is important to keep two facts in mind:
systems that could cause a particular
complaint, and 1. The procedures are written to diagnose problems
then outline repairs in a logical sequence. on cars
that have
"run well at one time" and
that time and wear have created the condition.
It is important to determine if the
"Service ~~~i~~ soon- light is "ON,~' or has come for 2. All possible causes cannot be covered,
a short interval while driving. If the
"Service Engine particularly with regard to emission controls. If
Soon" light has come "ON," the Computer doing the work prescribed does not correct the
Command Control System or DECS should be complaint, then either the wrong Symptom was
checked for stored
"Trouble Codes" (See Diagnostic used, or a more detailed analysis will have to be
Circuit Check, Section 6E, for the engine you are made.
working on) which may indicate the cause for the All of the Symptoms can be caused by worn out
performance
complaint.Each Symptom is defined, and or defective parts such as Spark Plugs, Ignition
it is important that the correct one be selected, based Wiring, etc. If time and/or mileage indicate that
on the complaints reported or found. The definition of parts should be replaced, it is recommended that
each symptom is included with the symptom. it
be done.
The words used may not be what you are used to Refer to:
in all cases, but because these terms have been used
@ Section 6E - Driveability and Emissions