warning AUDI S4 2014 Repair Manual
[x] Cancel search | Manufacturer: AUDI, Model Year: 2014, Model line: S4, Model: AUDI S4 2014Pages: 296, PDF Size: 73.56 MB
Page 83 of 296

~ Automatic transmission: Step on the brake
peda l and move the se lector lever to the P
or N position .
~ Press the key c::> fig. 94 -the eng ine will
start.
Sw itching the i gnition on /off
If you wou ld like to switch the ignition on
without sta rting the engine, follow t hese
steps :
~ Insert the key into the ignition lock .
~ Press the key briefly without pressing the
clutch peda l (for manual transmissions) or
the brake peda l (for automatic transmis
s ions) .
~ To switch the ignition off, press the key
again .
When starting the engine, major e lectr ica l
loads are switched off temporarily .
You can on ly remove the key with the ignition
switched off.
If the engine sho uld not sta rt immedia tely,
the starting process is automatically stopped
after a short time. Repeat starting proced ure .
A WARNING
-Never allow the engine to run in confined
spaces -danger of asphyxiation.
- Never remove the ign ition key from the
ignition look while the vehicle is moving.
Otherw ise, the steering lock could sud
denly engage and you would not be able
to steer the vehicle.
- Always take the key with you whenever
you leave your vehicle . Otherwise, the
engine could be started or e lectr ical
equipment such as the power w indows
cou ld be operated. This ca n lead to seri
o us inj ury.
- Never leave ch ild ren or persons requiring
assistance unattended in the veh icle. The
doors can be loc ked using the remote
transmitter, preventing people from es caping from the vehicle on their own in
the event of an emergency. Depend ing
on the time of year, people inside the ve-
On th e ro ad 81
hicle can be exposed to very high or very
low temperatures.
(D Note
Avoid high eng ine rpm, fu ll throttle and
heavy engine loads unti l the engine has
reached operating tempe rat ure -other
wise you r isk eng ine damage.
@ For the sake of the environment
Do not let the engine run while parked to
warm up. Begin dr iv ing immediately. This
reduces unnecessary emissions.
@ Tips
- If the key cannot be removed from the
ignition lock, you have to pull the me
chanical key out of the master key in or
der to be able to lock the vehi-
cle <=:>
page 35.
-After starting a cold engine, there may
be a brief period of increased no ise be
cause the oil pressure must first bu ild up
in the hydraulic valve adjusters. This is
normal and not a cause for concern.
- If you leave the veh icle with the ignition
switched on, the ign it ion w ill switch off
afte r a certa in per iod of t ime . Please
note that ele ctrical equ ipment such as
exterior ligh ts w ill sw itch off as well
when that happens .
Page 84 of 296

82 On the road
Starting the vehicle with the emergency
key
Applies to vehicles: with ig ni tion lock
You can use the emergency key as an ignition
key in on emergency.
Fig. 95 G love compar tment: Adapter for emergency
key
Fig. 96 Insert emergency key into the adapter
.. Take the adapter for the emergency key out
of the glove compartment
c!> fig. 95 .
.. Push the emergency key c::> fig. 96 fully into
the adapter . Make sure that the Audi rings
are facing up.
.. Press the emergency key in the adapter
down until it latches audibly.
.. Insert the adapter with the emergency key
forward into the ignition switch. The engine
can now be started as usual.
Stopping the engine
App lies to vehicles: with ig n ition lock
.. Bring the vehicle to a full stop .
.. Automatic transmission: Move the selector
lever to the P or N position .
.. Press on the ignition key. The engine is
turned off.
.. You can now remove the key.
Steering lock
The steering locks when you remove the igni
tion key. The locked steering helps prevent
ve
hicle theft.
Emergency off
If it is necessary in unusual circumstances, the
engine can be switched off while the vehicle is
moving. The engine will be switched off if you
press on the key for an extended period.
A WARNING ~
- Never turn off the engine before the ve
hicle has come to a complete stop. The
full function of the brake booster and the
power steering is not guaranteed. You
must use more force to turn or brake if
necessary. Because you cannot steer and
brake as you usually would, this could
lead to crashes and serious injuries.
- For safety reasons, you should always
park your vehicle with the selector lever
in P. Otherwise, the vehicle could inad
vertently roll away.
- The radiator fan can continue to run for
up to 10 minutes
even after you have
turned off the engine and removed the
ignition key. The radiator fan can also
turn on again if the engine coolant heats
up because of intense sunlight or heat
build-up in the engine compartment.
- Always take the key with you whenever
you leave your vehicle. Otherwise, the
engine could be started or electrical
equipment such as the power windows
could be operated. This can lead to seri
ous injury.
- Never leave children or persons requiring
assistance unattended in the vehicle . The
doors can be locked using the remote
transmitter, preventing people from es
caping from the vehicle on their own in
the event of an emergency. Depending
on the time of year, people inside the
ve
hicle can be exposed to very high or very
low temperatures .
Page 85 of 296

CD Note
If the engine has been under heavy load
for an extended period, heat builds up in
the engine compartment after the engine
is switched off- there is a risk of damaging
the engine . Allow the engine to run at idle
for about two minutes before switching it
off.
Convenience key
Starting the engine
Applies to vehicles: with convenience key
The I STAR T ENGINE ST OPI button switches
the ignition on and starts the engine.
Fig. 97 Center console : S TART ENGINE STOP b utto n
Starting the engine
.. Manual transmission : Fully depress the
clutch pedal and
move the shift lever to the
neutral position .
.. Automatic transmission: Step on the brake
pedal and
move the selector lever to P or N
~ .&, .
.. Press on the I STAR T ENGINE ST OP I button
~fig . 97-the engine will sta rt.
Switching the ignition on/off
If you would like to switch the ignition on
without starting the engine, follow these
steps :
.. Press the
I START ENGINE STOPI button
without pressing the clutch pedal (for man
ual transmissions) or the brake pedal (for
automatic transmissions) .
.. To switch the ignition off, press the button
again.
On the road 83
If the engine should not start immediately,
the starting process is automatically stopped
after a short time. Repeat starting procedure .
When starting the engine , major electrical
loads are switched off temporari ly.
After a cold engine is started, there may be a
brief period of inc reased noise because oil
pressure must first build up in the hydraulic
valve adjusters. This is normal and not a cause
for concern.
A WARNING
- Never allow the engine to run in confined
spaces - danger of asphyxiation.
- Never turn off the engine until the vehi
cle has come to a complete stop.
- Always take the key with you whenever
you leave your vehicle. Otherwise, the
engine could be started or electrical
equipment such as the power windows
could be operated . This can lead to seri
ous injury .
- Never leave children or persons requiring
assistance unattended in the vehicle. The
doors can be locked using the remote
transmitter, preventing people from es
caping from the vehicle on their own in
the event of an emergency. Depending
on the time of year, peop le inside the ve
hicle can be exposed to very high or very
low temperatures .
CD Note
-Avo id high engine rpm, full throttle and
heavy engine loads until the engine has
reached operating temperature - other
wise you risk engine damage.
@ For the sake of the environment
Do not let the engine run while parked to
warm up. Begin driving immediately. This
reduces unnecessary emissions.
(D Tips
-After starting a cold engine, there may
be a brief period of increased noise be-
cause the oil pressure must first bui ld up
II-
Page 86 of 296

84 On th e road
in the hy dra ulic valve adjusters. This is
norma l and not a cause for concern.
- If you leave the vehicle with the ignition
switched on, the ignition will switch
off
after a certain period of time . Please
note that e lectrica l equipment such as
exter ior lights w ill switch
off as well
when that happens.
Switching engine off
Applies to vehicles: with conven ience key
" Bring your vehicle to a complete stop.
"Automatic transmiss ion: Move the selector
lever to the P or N pos it ion.
" Press the
!START ENGINE STOPI button
r::!;page83, fig. 97.
Steering lock
The stee ring locks when you turn the engine
off us ing the I STAR T ENGINE STOP I button
and open the dr iver's door. The locked stee r
i ng helps preven t vehicle theft.
Emergency off
If necessary, the eng ine ca n be sw itched off
with the selector leve r in the R or D/S pos i
tions. To do so, step on the brake pedal and
p ress and hold the
I START ENGINE STOP I but
ton vehicle speed must be less than 6 mph (10 km/h).
_& WARNING
- Never turn off the eng ine before the ve
hicle has come to a complete stop . The
full function of the brake booster and the
power steering is not guaranteed. You
must use more force to turn or brake if
necessary . Because you cannot steer and
brake as you usua lly would, this could
lead to crashes and se rious injur ies.
- For safety reasons, you s hould always
par k your vehicle with the se lector lever
in P. Ot herwise, the ve hicle co uld inad
vertent ly roll away.
- T he radiator fan ca n continue to ru n for
up to 10 mi nutes even after yo u have
tu rne d
off the eng ine and remove d the ignition key. The radiator fan can a
lso
turn on again if the engine coo lant heats
up because of intense sunlight or heat
bu ild-up in the engine compartment.
- Always take the key w ith you whenever
you leave your ve hicle. Otherw ise, the
eng ine could be sta rted or electrical
equ ipme nt such as the power windows
could be ope rated. This can lead to seri
ous injury.
(D Note
If the engine has bee n under heavy load
for an extended pe riod, heat bu ilds up in
the engine compartment after the engine
i s sw itched
off -there i s a r is k of damag ing
the engine. A llow the eng ine to run at id le
for about two minutes before switching it
off.
Driver messages
Ignition i s on
This message appears and a warning tone
sounds if you open the d river's door when the
ignition is sw itched on.
No key id entified
This message appears when the
I S TART ENGINE STOPI button is pressed if
there is no master key ins ide the veh icle or if
the system does not recognize it . Fo r exam
ple, the master key cannot be recognized if it
is covered by an object (e.g. al uminum b rief
case) which
screens the radio s ignal. Elec tron
ic dev ices such as cell phones can also inter
fere with the radio s ignal.
Pres s brak e pedal to start engine
This message appears if you do not press the
brake pedal to start the eng ine in a veh icle
with an automat ic transm iss ion.
Press clutch pedal to sta rt engine
T his message appears if yo u do not press the
clutch pedal to start the engine in a vehicle
with a manual transmission. .,.
Page 88 of 296

86 On the road
Emerge ncy b rake function
An emergency brake ensures t hat the vehicle
can be slowed down even if the normal brakes
fail
c::> page 87, Emergency broking.
Indicat or light s
-If the par king b rake is closed w ith the igni
t ion
s witc hed on the . (USA mode ls) /
• (Canada models) indica tor lights come
on in the instrument cluster and the switch .
-If the parking brake is closed w ith the igni
tion
s witc hed off the . (USA mode ls) /
• (Canada models) indicator lights come
on in the instrument cluster and the switch
for about 20 seconds .
A WARNING
If a gear or a drive range (automat ic trans
m ission) is engaged with the vehicle sta
tionary and the engine runn ing, you must
in no instance accelerate o r release the
cl utch * careless ly. Otherw ise the vehicle
w ill sta rt to move immediately- r isk of an
accident .
@ Note
If the . symbol in the display or the.
(USA models) . (Canada models) indica
tor light i n the instrument cluster flashes,
t here is a mal function i n the brake system.
By pressing the
ISETI button, you can bring
up a driver message which explains the malfunct ion in more detai l. If the driver
message
Parking b rake! appears, there is
an operating malfunction in the park ing
brake wh ich you shou ld have repa ired im
mediately by an author ized Audi dealer or
qualified workshop c::>poge 15.
(D Tips
-You can apply the parking brake at any
time -even w ith the ignition switched
off . The ignit ion must be turned on and
the b rake peda l must be pressed in o rder
to release the pa rking brake . - Occasional noises when the parking
brake is applied and released are normal
and are not a cause for concern.
- When the vehicle is parked, the parking
brake goes through a self-test cycle at
regu lar interva ls. Any associated noises
are normal.
Parking
.. Press the brake pedal to stop the veh icle .
.. Pull the sw itch @
c::> page 85, fig . 98 to set
the parking brake .
.,. Automatic transmission: Move the selecto r
lever to P.
.. Turn the engine off
c::> ,&. .
.. Manual transmission: Shift into 1st gear.
.. When on inclines o r declines, turn the steer
ing wheel so that the vehicle will roll into
the curb if it begins to move.
A WARNING ...__
- When you leave your vehicle -even if on
ly br iefly -always remove the ignition
key . Th is app lies pa rticularly whe n chi l
d ren remai n in the vehicle. Otherwise the
children could st art the eng ine , release
the par king brake or operate electrical
equ ipment (e.g. power windows). The re
is the risk of an accident.
- When the veh icle is locked, no one -par
ticularly not children should remain in
the vehicle. Locked doors make it more
d ifficult for emergency workers to get in
to the vehicle -putting lives at risk.
Starting from rest
The starting assist function ensures that the
parking broke is released automatically upon
starting.
Stopping and applying par king brake
.. Pull the switch @¢ page 85, fig. 98 to ap-
ply the parking brake .
Ill>
Page 89 of 296

Starting and autom ati call y relea sing the
pa rking b rake
~ When you start to drive as usua l, the park
ing brake is automatically re leased and your
vehicle begins to move.
When stopping at a traffic signa l or stopp ing
in city traffic on vehicles with an automatic
transmission, the parking brake can be ap
plied. The vehicle does not have to be held
w ith the footbrake . The park ing brake elimi
nates the tendency to creep with a drive range
engaged. As soon as you dr ive off as usual,
the park ing brake is released automatically
and the vehicle sta rts to move .
Starting on slop es
When starting on inclines, the start ing ass ist
prevents the vehicle from unintentionally roll
ing back. The braking force of the parking
brake is not released until sufficient dr iving
force has been b uilt up at the whee ls.
(D Tips
For safety reasons, the park ing brake is re
leased automatically only when the dr iv
er 's safety belt is engaged in the buc kle.
Starting off with a trailer
To prevent rolling back unintentionally on an
incline, do the following:
~ Keep the switch@c::> page 85, fig . 98 pulled
and depress the accelerator. The park ing
brake stays applied and prevents the vehicle
from roll ing backward.
~ You can release the switch @once you are
sure that yo u are developing enough driving
force at the wheels by depressing the accel
erator.
D epending on the weight of the rig (vehicle
and trai ler) and the severity of the incline , you
may roll backwards as you start. Yo u can pre
vent roll ing backwards by holding the parking
brake switch @pulled out and accelerating -
just as you would when starting on a hill wit h
a conventional hand brake .
On the ro ad 87
Emergency braking
In the event that the conventional brake sys
tem fails or locks .
~ In an emergency, pull the switch @
c::>
page 85, fig. 98 and continue to pull it to
slow your vehicle down with the parking
brake .
~ As soon as you re lease the switch @or ac-
celerate, the b rak ing process s tops.
If you pull the switch @and hold it above a
speed of about 5 mph (8 km/h), the eme rgen
cy bra king funct ion is initia ted . T he veh icle is
braked at all four whee ls by activating the hy
draulic brake system. The brake performance
is similar to making an emergency stop c::>
&..
In order not to act ivate the eme rgency brak
ing by mis take, an audib le warning tone (buz
zer) so unds when the switch @is pulled. As
soon as the switch @ is re leased, or the acce l
erato r pedal is depressed, emergency braking
stops.
A WARNING
...--
Emergency braking should only be used in
an emergency, when the normal foot brake
has fa iled or the brake pedal is obstructed .
Using the parking b rake to pe rform emer
gency brak ing will slow your vehicle down
as if you had made a full bra ke application .
The laws of physics cannot be suspended
even with ESC and its associated compo
nents (ABS, ASR, EDS) . In corners and
when road or weather conditions are bad,
a full brake application can ca use the vehi
cle to sk id or the rear end to break away -
risking an accident.
Speed warning system
Overview
The speed warning system helps you to keep
your driving speed below a set speed limit.
The speed warn ing system warns if the driver
exceeds a p reviously stored max imum speed .
A warn ing tone w ill sound as soon as the
Ill>
Page 90 of 296

88 On the road
vehicle speed exceeds the set speed by about
3 mph (3 km/h). At the same time, a warning
symbol appears in the d isp lay . The symbol's
appeara nce m ight be d ifferent in some mod
els.
The speed warning system has one or two*
warn ing thresholds that f unct ion independ
ently of each other and that have somewhat
d ifferent purposes:
Speed warn ing 1
You can use speed warning 1 to set the maxi
m um speed w hile you are driv ing. T his setting
will remain in effect until you turn
off the igni
tion, assuming that you have not changed or
reset the setting.
The . (USA models)/ . (Canada models)
speed warning symbol in the warning 1 dis
p lay appears when you exceed the maximum
speed. It goes out when the speed fa lls below
the stored max imum speed .
The speed warning symbo l wi ll also go out if
the speed
exceeds the stored max imum speed
by more than about 25 mph (40 km/h) for at
least 10 seconds. The stored maximum speed
is deleted .
Sett ing speed warning 1
c::> page 88.
Speed warning 2*
Sto ring warning 2 is recommended if you al
ways
want to be reminded of a certain speed,
for example when yo u are traveling in a coun
try that has a general maximum speed limit,
or if you do not want to exceed a specified
speed for winter tires.
The . (USA models) /. (Canada models)
speed warning 2 symbo l appears in the dis
play when you exceed the stored speed limit.
Unlike warning 1, it will not go out until the
vehicle speed drops be low the stored speed
lim it.
Sett ing speed warning 2
c::> page 88.
(D Tips
Even tho ugh your vehicle is equipped with
a speed warning system, you should st ill watch the speedome
ter to ma ke s ure you
are not dr iving faster than the speed limit .
Speed warning 1: setting a speed limit
Warning threshold 1 is set by the ISETI but
ton.
F ig . 99 SET bu tton in the instr ume nt cluste r
Storing the max imum speed
.,. Dr ive at the desired maximum speed.
.,. Press the
ISE TI button in the instrument
panel disp lay
c::> fig . 99 for 1 second .
Resetting the maximum speed
.,. Drive the vehicle at a speed of at least
3 mph (5 km/h)
.,. Press the
ISE TI button for more than 2 sec-
onds.
T he . (USA models)/ . (Canada models)
speed warning symbo l w ill appear briefly in
the display when you release the
I SE TI button
to indicate that the maximum speed has been
stored successfully.
The maximum speed remains stored until it is changed by pressing the
! SET ! button again
briefly or until it is deleted by a lengthy push
on the button.
Speed warning 2: setting a speed limit
Applies to vehicles: wit h trip computer
The radio or MMI* control unit is used to set,
change or delete warning threshold 2.
.,. Select: !CARI function button > In strument
cluster > Speed warning .
Or .,.
Page 91 of 296

.. Se lect: ICAR I function button> Car sys tem s*
control button > Driv er ass is t > Spe ed
warning .
Warning threshold 2 can be set in the speed
range starting from
20 mph to 150 mph (30
km/h to 240 km/h). Settings can each be ad
justed in intervals of
6 mph (10 km/h).
Cruise control
Switching on
The cruise control system makes it possible to
drive at a constant speed starting at 20 mph
(30 km/h).
®
f
®t
0
Fig . 100 Contro l lev er wi th push -bu tton
Fi g. 101 Dis p lay : Se lect ed spee d
.. Pull the lever to position (!)¢ fig. 100 to
switch the system on.
.. Drive at the speed to be controlled.
.. Press button @to set that speed.
The stored speed and the green symbol
II (US model)/ &I (Canadian mode l) are
shown in the display
r::;, fig. 101. The display
may vary, depending on the type of display in
your veh icle.
On th e road 89
The speed is kept constant by modifying en
gine power or through an active brake inter
vention.
_& WARNING
-Always pay attention to the traffic
around you when the cruise control is in
operation. You are always responsible for
your speed and the distance between
your veh icle and other vehicles .
- For reasons of safety, cru ise control
should not be used in the city, in stop
a nd-go traffic, on twisting roads and
when road cond itions are poor (such as
ice, fog , gravel, heavy rain and hydro
p lan ing) -risk of accident .
- Turn
off the cruise control temporar ily
when enter ing turn la nes, highway exit
lanes or in construction zones .
- Please no te that inadverten tly "resting"
your foot on the accelerator pedal causes
the cruise contro l not to brake. This is
because the cruise control is overridden
by the driver's acceleration.
- If a brake system malfunction such as
overheating occurs when the cruise con
trol system is switched on, the braking
function in the system may be switched
off. The other cruise contro l functions re
main active as long as the indicator l igh t
II (US models) 1&1 (Canadia n models)
1s on.
@ Tips
- Veh icles with ma nual transmiss ion: You
can attain the set speed only if the gear
that is currently engaged will a llow it, or
if it does not tax the engine a nd allows i t
t o r un smoothly. Therefore shift in to a
higher or lower gear in a time ly manner.
- The bra ke ligh ts ill umina te as soon as
the brakes app ly au tomatically.
Changing speed
.. To increase/decrease the speed in incre
ments, tap the lever in the
0 10 direction
r::;, page 89, fig. 100. Ill>
Page 92 of 296

90 On the road
• To increase/decrease the speed quickly, hold
the lever in the
0 10 direction unti l the de
s ired speed is displayed.
You can a lso press the accelerator pedal down
to increase your speed, e .g. if you want to
pass someone . The speed yo u saved earlier
will resume as soon as you let off of the accel
erator pedal.
If, however, you exceed your saved speed by
6 mph (10 km/h) for longer than 5 minutes,
the cruise contro l will be turned off tempora
rily. The green symbol in the display turns
white. The saved speed remains the same .
Presetting your speed
You con preset your desired speed while the
vehicle is not moving.
• Switch on the ignition.
• Pull lever into pos ition
CD c:> page 89,
fig. 100.
• Press the lever in the 0 or O direction to
incr ease or decrease you r speed.
• Release the lever to save that speed .
This funct ion makes it possible, for example,
to save the speed you want before driving on
the highway . Once o n the hig hway, activate
the cruise contro l by pulling the lever towa rd
(D .
Switching off
Temporary deactivation
• Press the b ra ke peda l, or
• Manual transmission: Keep the clutch peda l
pressed down
longer, or
• Press the lever into position @ (not clicked
into place)~
page 89, fig . 100, or
• Drive for longer than 5 minutes at more
than 6 mph (10 km/h) above the stored speed.
Switching off compl etely
• Press lever into position @(clicked into
place), or
• Switch the ign ition off. The speed you saved will be retained if the
cruise control has been switched off tempora
rily. To resume the saved speed, let up on the
brake or clutch pedal and pu ll the lever to po
s ition (!).
Switching the ignition off erases the saved
speed.
_& WARNING
You shou ld only return to the saved speed
if it is not too fast for the current traffic
conditions -risk of an accident!
Page 94 of 296

92 Transmission
vehicle to accelerate without a noticeable in
terruption in traction.
tiptronic transmission
I n the tiptronic transmission, power is trans
ferred by a torque converter.
Selector lever positions
Applies to vehicles: with multitronic/5 tronic/tiptronic
Fig. 103 Display in the in stru me nt duste r: selecto r
lever in position P
The selector lever position engaged appears
next to the selector lever as well as in the in
strument cluster display.
P - Park
In this selector lever position the transmis
sion is mechanically locked. Engage P only
when the vehicle is
completely stopped ¢ &
in Driving the automatic transmission on
pag e 94 .
To shift in or out of pos ition P, you must first
press and hold the brake pedal and then press
the release button in the selector lever handle
wh ile mov ing the se lector lever to or from P.
You can shift out of this position only with the
ignition on .
R-Reverse
Select R only when the vehicle is at a full stop
and the engine is running at idle speed ¢ & in
Driving the automatic transmission on
page 94 .
Before you move the selector lever to R, press
both the release button in the handle of the
selector lever
and the brake pedal at the same
time. When the
ignition is on, the backup lights illu
minate when the selector lever is moved into
R.
N -Neutral
The transmission is in neutral in this position .
Shift to this position for standing with the
brakes applied ¢
& in Driving the automatic
transmission on page 94.
When the vehicle is stat ionary or at speeds
below 1 mph (2 km/h), yo u must always apply
the footbrake before and whi le moving the
lever out of N.
D/S - Normal position for driving forward
In the D/S position, the transmission can be
operated either in the normal mode D or in
the sport mode S . To select the sport mode S,
pull the selector lever back briefly. Pulling the
lever back again will se lect the normal mode
D. The instrument cluster disp lay shows the
selected driving mode.
In the
normal mode D, the transmission auto
matically selects the suitable gear ratio.
It de
pends on engine load, vehicle speed and driv
ing style .
Select the
sport mode S for sporty driving .
T he vehicle makes full use of the engine's
power. Shift ing may become noticeable when
accelerating.
When the vehicle is stationary or at speeds
below 1 mph (2 km/h), you must always app ly
the foot brake before and while moving the lever to D/S out of N.
A WARNING
Read and follow all WARNINGS ¢ & in
Driving the automatic transmission on
page 94 .
(D Note
Coasting downhill with the transm ission in
N and the engine not running will result in
damage to the automatic transmission
and possibly the catalytic conve rter. .,..