coolant AUDI TT ROADSTER 2018 User Guide

Wheels
and the tire pressures specified
on the label on the driver's side
B­
pillar, always follow the specifica­
tion on the B-pillar label
¢ page 254, fig. 189.
Make sure that the tire designa­
tion on your tire matches the des-
Model/ Tire designation
ignation on the tire pressure label
and the tire pressure table.
The following table lists recom­ mended tire pressures in cold
tires according to the load and
the size of the tires installed.
Tire pressure
Engine Normal load Maximum load
(up to 2 people)
front
PSI
TT : 245/45 R17 95Y 32
2.0 l
245/40 R18 93H 32
4-cylinder
245/40 R18 93Y 32
245/35 R19 93Y 35
255/30 R20 92Y 35
A WARNING
Please note the important safe­
ty precautions regarding tire
pressure ¢ page 254 and load
limits¢ page 256.
Tires and vehicle load limits
There are limits to the amount of
load or weight that any vehicle
and any tire can carry. A vehicle
that is overloaded will not handle
well and is more difficult to stop.
Overloading can not only lead to loss of vehicle control, but can al­
so damage important parts of the
vehicle and can lead to sudden
tire failure, including a blowout
256
kPA
220
220
220
240
240
rear front rear
PSI kPA PSI kPA PSI
29 200 33 230 30
29 200 33 230 30
29 200 33 230 30
32 220 35 240 32
32 220 38 260 32
and sudden deflation that can
cause the vehicle to crash.
kPA
210
210
210
220
220
Your safety and that of your pas­
sengers also depends on making
sure that load limits are not ex­
ceeded. Vehicle load includes ev­
erybody and everything in and on
the vehicle. These load limits are
technically referred to as the vehi­
cle's
Gross Vehicle Weight Rat­
ing
("GVWR").
The "GVWR" includes the weight
of the basic vehicle, all factory in­
stalled accessories, a full tank of
fuel, oil, coolant and other fluids
plus maximum load. The maxi­
mum load includes the number
of .,.

Cl 00 .-< N r-­N .-< 0 r-­Vl 00
scope of maintenance and repairs which can be
carried out by vehicle owners.
Al so, sa fety a nd
en vir onment al
concerns place very strict limits
on the nature of repairs and adjustments to en­
g ine and transm ission parts wh ich an owner can
perform .
Maintenance, adjustments and repairs usually re­
qu ire special tools, test ing devices and other
equ ipment available to specially trained work­
shop personnel in order to assure proper per ­
formance, rel iability and safety of the veh icle and
its many systems .
Improper maintenance, adjustments and repairs
can impair the operation and reliability of your
veh icle and even void your vehicle warranty .
Therefore, proof of servicing in accordance with
the ma intenance sc hedule may be a condition for
upho ld ing a possib le wa rranty claim made within
the warranty period.
Above all, operational safety can be adversely af­
fected, creating unnecessa ry risks fo r you and
your passenger.
If i n doubt about any servicing, have it done by
your author ized Audi dealer or any other properly
equ ipped and qua lified workshop. We strongly
urge yo u to g ive your author ized Audi dealer the
opportunity to perform a ll scheduled ma inte­
nance and necessary repairs. Your dealer has the
facilities, origina l parts and trained specialists to
keep your vehicle running properly .
Performing limited m aint ena nc e y our self
The follow ing pages describe a lim ited number of
p rocedures w hich can be per formed on your ve hi­
cle with ordinary tools, should the need arise and
trained personnel be unavai lable . Before per­
forming any of these procedures, always thor­
ough ly read a ll of the app licab le text and carefu l­
ly follow the instructions g iven . Always rigorously
observe the
W ARNING S provided .
Before you ch eck anything in the engine com ­
partment , always read a nd heed all WARNIN GS
c> & and c> & in Working in the engine compart­
ment on page 233 . Con
sum er In form ation
A WARNING
--
- Ser ious personal injury may occur as a result
of improperly performed maintenance, ad­
justments or repairs .
- Always be extremely careful when work ing
on the vehicle . Always follow commonly ac­
cepted safety practices and general com­ mon sense. Never risk pe rsonal inj ury.
- Do not attempt any of the maintenance,
checks or repairs described on the following pages if you are not fu lly famil iar with these
or other proced ures with respect to the ve­
h icle, or are uncerta in how to pro ceed.
- Do not do any work without the proper tools
and eq uipment. Have the necessary wo rk
done by your authorized Audi dealer or an­
other proper ly equipped and qualified work­
shop.
- The engine compartment of any motor vehi ­
cle is a potentially hazardous area . Never
reach into the area around or touch the radi­
ator fan.
It is temperature controlled and
can switch on suddenly
-even when the en­
g ine is off . The radiator fan switches on au­
tomatically when the coolant reaches a cer­
tain tempe rature and will cont inue to run
until the coolant temperature d rops.
- Always sw itch off the ignition before anyone
gets under the vehicle.
- Always support your veh icle with safety
stands if it is necessary to work underneath
the vehicle. The jack suppl ied with the veh i­
cle is no t adequate for this pu rpose and
could collapse caus ing serious personal in­
jury.
- I f you must wor k unde rneath the vehicle
with the wheels on the ground, always make
sure the vehicle is on level ground, that the
wheels are always securely blocked and that
the engine cannot be started.
- Always make sure the transmission se lector
lever (automatic transmiss ion) is in P (Park
position) and the park brake is applied.
II>
291

Consum er Info rmation
@ For the sake of the environment
- Changing the engine settings wi ll adverse ly
affect emission leve ls. Th is is detrimental to
the env ironment and increases fuel con ­
sumption.
- Always observe environmenta l regu lations
when disposing of o ld engine o il, used brake
flu id, d irty engine coolant, spent batteries
or worn out tires.
- Undeployed airbag modules and pretension­
ers might be classif ied as Perchlorate Mate­
rial -spec ia l handl ing may apply, see
www.dtsc.ca.gov/hazardouswaste/perch lo­
r ate. When t he vehicle or pa rts of t he re­
stra in t sys tem including a irbag modu les
s a fe ty be lts wi th prete nsione rs ar e s crap ­
ped, a ll applicab le laws and reg ulations
must be observed. Your a uthorized Audi
dealer is familiar with these requirements
and we recommend that you have your deal­
er perform this service for you.
Accessories and technical changes
Additional accessories and parts
replacement
Always consult on authorized Audi dealer before
purchasing accessories.
Audi ve hicles that are constructed with advanced
materials like Steel/Alum inum (Hybrid construc­
tion), Aluminum (Aud i Space Frame), and/or A lu­
minum/Carbon F iber (Ultra Advanced L ight
We ight Materials) are as un ique as the ir drivers .
Therefo re, the ava ilability of certain parts needed
for repair, restorat ion, or reco nstr uction w ill be
rest ric ted, or p arts w ill be unav ailable, if the ve ­
h icl e is not repa ired a t an a uth o rized Aud i colli­
sion repair facili ty . This includes but is not limit ­
ed to structura l parts w hic h require specia lized
training and equipment to restore their crash ­
worthiness back to the orig inal NHTSA and IIHS
performance.
Your vehicle incorporates the latest safety design
features ensuring a hig h standard of active and
passive safety.
292
This sa fety could be compromised by non -ap ­
proved changes to the vehicle . For t his reason, if
parts have to be rep laced, p lease observe the fol ­
l owing points when install ing additional accesso ­
ries:
Approved Audi accesso ries and gen uine A udi
parts are avai lab le from a uthorized Aud i dea le rs .
These dea le rs al so have t he necessa ry fa cilit ies,
tools and trained specialists to install the parts
and accessories properly .
A WARNING
Using the wrong spare parts or using non -ap ­
p roved accessories can cause damage to the
vehicle and serious personal i njury.
- Use on ly accessories expressly approved by
Aud i and genuine Audi spare parts
- These parts and accessor ies have been spe­
cially des igned to be used on your vehicle.
- Do not use license p late brac kets in the
front area that are d if f erent from the one
installed at the factory, or add additional li­
cense plate brackets.
- Never install accessor ies such as telephone
cradles or beverage holders on airbag covers
or w ith in the airbag dep loyment zones. Do­
ing so will increase the risk of injury if a ir­
bags are triggered in an accident!
- Before you check anyth ing in the eng ine
compa rtme nt, always read a nd heed all
WARN INGS
~page 233.
@ Note
- If items other than genu ine A udi spare
parts, add-on equipment and accessory
i t ems are used o r if repa ir wor k is not per­
formed according to specified methods, th is
c an resul t in seve re damage to you r vehi­
cl e's eng ine a nd body ( such as cor rosion)
and adve rsely aff ec t your ve hicle's war ran ty.
- I f emergen cy rep air s m ust be pe rformed
elsew here, have the vehicle exam ined by an
au thorized A ud i dealer as soon as possib le .
- Th e manuf acture r ca nnot be held liable fo r
d amage wh ich occu rs du e to fail ure to com ­
ply with these stipulations.

Convertible locking retractor
Activating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Deactivating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Using to secure a child safety seat . . . . . . 226
Cooling mode (climate control system) . . . . 52
Cooling system Adding coolant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Coolant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Coolant level checking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Coolant temperature indicator . . . . . . . . . . . 8
I ndicator light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Crank (power top emergency operation) . . . . 36
Crash data recorder ( EDR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Crosshairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Cruise control system Changing speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Preselecting speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Switching off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Switching on.. ............. .. .. .. .. .. 71
Cup holders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Current fuel consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
D
Data connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Data protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Data recorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Date .. .. .. .. .. ............. .. .. .. .. . 173
Date display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Daytime running light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Declaration of compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Defrosting (windows) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
DEF (instrument cluster) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Deluxe automatic climate control
refer to Climate control system (automatic) .S2
Determining correct load limit . . . . . . . . . . 257
Digital compass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Digital Rights Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Dimming the rearview mirror . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Directory
refer to Contacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Display
c refer to Audi virtua l cockpit (instrument 00
;::: cluster) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 20 r--
~ Distance driven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 0 r--Vl 00
Index
Driver information system . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 , 20
Indicator lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
On -board computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Outside temperature display. . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Service interval display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Drives
refer to Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154, 162
Drive select . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Driving economically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Driving safely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Driving through water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Driving time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Dust filter
refer to Pollutant filter
DVD drive (media drives)
Dynamic volume 51
155
refer to System volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
E
E-mail
117
Economical route . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Electromechanical parking brake . . . . . . . . . 61
Electromechanical steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Indicator light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Electronic differentia l lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Electronic immobili zer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Electronic stabilization control (ESC) . . . . . . 86
Indicator light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Sport mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Emergency assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Emergency braking function . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Emergency flashers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Emergency fueling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Emergency operation Fuel filler door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Luggage compartment lid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Power top . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Emergency release
Se lector lever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Emergency starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Emissions control system Catalytic converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Energy managem ent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
297

Index
Engine Coolant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
239
Starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58, 59
Starting with jumper cables . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Stopping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Engine compartment
Opening/closing the hood . . . . . . . . . . . . .
235
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Safety precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Engine control ( indicator light) . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Engine oil
Adding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
236
Changing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Checking oil level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Indicator light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 15
Engine speed limitation (indicator light) . . . 15
Entering characters/numbers (speller) . . . . . 99
Entering letters (speller) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Environment
Proper disposal of drained engine oil ... .
Unleaded gasoline .................. .
E xterior lighting
Exterior mirrors
238
229
38
Adjusting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Dimming ....... ................ ..... 42
Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
External voice operation......... .... .. . 110
F
Factory default settings (MMI) 174
Fader(sound) .. .. ............. .... .. . 177
Fa sten ing
Booster seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
223
Convertible child safety seats . . . . . . . . . . 222
Infant seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Fast forward ing/rew inding (audio/video
file) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
162
Fast forwarding (audio/video file) . . . . . . . . 162
Fast route
Favorites Media 141
165
Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Telephone.......................... 116
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) 293
Fi le formats (media drives) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
298
Floor mats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Fog lights/rear fog light(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Foot pedals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Footwell lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
For the sake of the environment
Environmentally-friendly driving . . . . . . . .
56
Fueling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Leaks..... .... .. .. .. ............. .. 234
Free text search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Telephone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Freeze protection
Coolant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
239
Frequency band ..... .. ........... 149, 151
Front airbags
Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
198
How they work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Frontal collisions and the laws of physics . . 188
Front seats
Adjusting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
181
Child restraints in the front seat . . . . . . . . 195
also refer to Seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
229
Additives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Blended gasoline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Current fuel consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Fuel gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Fuel tank capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
288
Gasoline additives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Indicator light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Saving fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 , 78
Fueling
Fuel filler door emergency release . . . . . .
232
Fuel gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Fuel tank capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
288
Opening the fuel filler door . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
With reserve canister (emergency fueling) 232
Fuses
Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
281
Replacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
G
Garage door opener (Homelink) . . . . . . . . . . 30
Garment hooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Temperature indicator
Coolant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Text messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
also refer to Text messages . . . . . . . . . . . 116
T ie-downs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Tightening specification (wheel bo lts) . . . . 2 78
T ime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
tiptron ic (automatic transmission) . . . . . . . . 67
T ire Mob ility System ( tire repair set) . . . . . . 273
T ires ...... .. .. ................ ... .. . 244
A ll wheel dr ive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
L ow-profile tires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
R epair se t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2, 273
Rep lac ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7 5
Service life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Tire press ure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Tire pr ess ure monitoring system . . . 26 1, 262
Tire press ure table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Treadwear indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Un id irectional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 , 278
Uniform t ire quality grad ing . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Tires and w heels
Glossary of tire and load ing termino logy . 246
Tire s and vehicle load limit s . . . . . . . . . . . 256
TMC
refer to Tr affic information . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 7
Tone (sound)
refer to Adjusting the sou nd . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
To uch
refer to MMI touch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Towing Tow t rucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
T PMS (tire p ressure monitoring system) . . . 261
Indicator light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
T ire press ure mon itor ing system . . . . . . . 262
T raffic info rmation ............ 145, 146, 147
T raff ic reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
T ransmission malfunction (indicator light) . . 68
T ransport Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
T rave l guide
refer to Tr avel (travel g uide) . . . . . . . . . . . 127
T rave l (t rave l guide) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
~ Treb le (so und) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 7
.-<
~ Trunk lid
N 8 Tr un k es cape la tch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
r--­Vl 00
Index
Turn signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
u
Un fastening safety bel ts
Un iform tire qua lity grading ........... .
U nlocking/loc king 192
260
By r emot e control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
U sing the door lock cy linder . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
With the centra l loc king switch . . . . . . . . . 26
With the conven ience key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
U pdating stations (radio) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
U 5B stick
refer to Au di m usic in terface . . . . . . . 160, 161
U sing the jump start cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
V
Vanity mirror . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Vehicle Care/cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Out of service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 71
Raising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Spec ificat ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Vehicle battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Charge leve l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Charging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 242
I ndicato r light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Winter operat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
also refer to Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Vehicle care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Vehicle jack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272, 279
Li ft ing po ints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Vehicle tool kit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Version information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
VIEW ....... ... .. .. ................ .. 20
VI EW button . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
VIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Vo ice gu idance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
also refer to Mult ifunct ion
stee ring wheel ... .. ............ 18, 19, 20
Vo icemail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Vo ice recog nit ion sys tem . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 105
C ommands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Externa l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Vo lume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
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