Bearing nut DODGE TRUCK 1993 Service Service Manual

REAR SUSPENSION
ANi
AXLE
3 - 17
(3) Eliminate any side play in the differential case.
Attach Dial Indicator to Pilot stud C-3288-B. Place
the indicator plunger at a right angle (90°) to the ring gear (Fig. 11). The plunger should exert a slight
force against the gear face.

DIAL

INDICATOR

Fig.
11
Ring
Gear
Runout
Measurement
(4) Measure the runout by turning the ring gear
several complete revolutions. Observe the dial indica­
tor pointer. Mark the ring gear and the differential
case at the areas of maximum runout. The ring gear
runout should not exceed 0.005 inch (0.13 mm). If the
runout exceeds 0.005 inch (0.13 mm), a damaged
dif­

ferential case could be the cause.
The marking on the differential case will be
very useful later during the differential case
runout. Remove the rear wheel anti-lock (RWAL) sensor.
(5) Mark the differential housing and the differen­
tial bearing caps for installation reference (Fig. 12).
(6) Remove the bearing threaded adjuster lock
from each bearing cap. Loosen the bolts, but do not
remove the bearing caps.
(7) Loosen the threaded adjusters with Wrench
C-4164 (Fig. 13).
(8) Hold the differential case in place. Remove the
bearing caps (Fig. 14), adjusters and the differential
case.

Each differential bearing cup and threaded
adjuster must be kept with their respective bear­
ing.

PINION
GEAR
SHAFT
REMOVAL
(1) Remove the pinion gear nut and washer. Use
Puller C-452 and Wrench C-3281 to remove the pin­
ion gear yoke.
Fig.
12
Housing
&
Caps
Marked For
Installation

Reference
Fig.
13 Threaded Adjuster Tool

Fig.
14
Differential
Bearing Cap
Removed

(2) Use Puller C-748 to remove the pinion seal.
Discard the seal. (3) Force the pinion gear out the front bearing to

3
- 20
REAR SUSPENSION
AND
AXLE

•

SPECIAL
TOOL
C-4171

SPECIAL
TOOL

8-3/8-
C-4340
9.1/4-
C-4213
J9203-33
Fig.
19 Differential Bearing Installation

PINION DEPTH MEASUREMENT AND ADJUSTMENT

WITH
GAUGE SET

(1) Use pinion gear adjustment gauge set and con­
tinue the assembly: • 8 3/8, use C-3715-B (Fig. 20)
• 9 1/4, use C-758-D6 (Fig. 21) (2) Install front (outer) bearing cup use Installer
D-130 and Handle C-4171. (3) Install rear (inner) bearing cup.
• 8 3/8 axles, use Installer C-4308 and Handle C-4171
• 9 1/4 axles, use Installer C-4310 and Handle C-4171 8 3/8 axles assemble C-3715-B Tool Set as de­
scribed (Fig. 20);
SPECIAL
TOOL
SET

G3715-B

SP-6030

SP-536—
SP-531
J9203-51

Fig.
20 8 3/8 Axle
Pinion
Adjustment Tools
• Position Spacer (SP-6030) over Shaft (SP-5385) • Position pinion rear bearing on shaft
• Position tools (with bearing) in the housing
• Install Sleeve (SP-5382)
• Install pinion front bearing
• Install Spacer (SP-6022)
• Install Sleeve (SP-3194-B), Washer (SP-534) and
Nut (SP-3193) 9 1/4 axles assemble C-758-D6 Tool Set as de­
scribed (Fig. 21);
SPECIAL TOOL C-758-D6
SP-6018

SP-536-*- Fig.
21 9 1/4 Axle
Pinion
Adjustment Tools and • Position Spacer (SP-6017) over Shaft (SP-526)
• Position pinion rear bearing on shaft
• Position tools (with bearing) in the housing
• Install Sleeve (SP-1730)
• Install pinion front bearing
• Install Spacer (SP-6022)
• Install Sleeve (SP-535-A), Washer (SP-534)
Nut (SP-533) (4) Prevent compression sleeve tool from turning
with Wrench C-3281.
Tighten the nut to seat the pinion bearings in the
housing (Fig. 22). Allow the sleeve to turn several
times during the tightening to prevent brinelling the
bearing cups or the bearings.
Depth shim(s) are positioned between the pin­
ion gear rear bearing and pinion gear to provide the separation distance. The required thickness
of the depth shim(s) is determined according to
the following information. (5) Loosen the compression nut tool. Lubricate the
pinion gear front and rear bearings with gear lubri­ cant. Re-tighten the compression nut tool to 1-3 N*m (15-25 in. lbs.) torque. Rotate the pinion gear several
complete revolutions to align the bearing rollers. (6) Install Gauge Block.
• 8 3/8 axles (Fig. 20)
• Install Gauge Block SP-5383 at the end of SP-5385
• Install Cap Screw (SP-536) and tighten with
Wrench SP-531 • 9 1/4 axles (Fig. 21)

3
- 22
REAR
SUSPENSION
AND
AXLE

• 9 1/4 axles use Installer C-3095

Fig.
24 Shaft Rear Bearing
Installation
(13) Lubricate the pinion gear front and rear bear­
ings with gear lubricant.
(14) Install the pinion gear in the housing. Install
the new collapsible spacer at the end of the pinion gear. Install the pinion gear front bearing.
(15) Install the pinion yoke with Remover/Installer
C-3718 and Wrench C-3281 (Fig. 23).
It is necessary to use the tools (above) to cor­
rectly seat the front bearing on the drive pinion gear shaft (Fig. 25).

CAUTION:
Use
care
to
prevent collapsing preload

collapsible
spacer during installation
of the
yoke

and
seating
the
front bearing.

(16) Remove yoke and tools from the pinion gear.
(17) Install the new pinion gear shaft seal (Fig.

26).

• 8 3/8-inch diameter use Seal Installer C-4076-A and Handle C-4735-1
• 9
1/4-inch
diameter use Seal Installer C-3980-A or C-4109-A and Handle C-4735 The seal is correctly installed when the seal
flange contacts the face of the differential hous­
ing flange.
The outer perimeter of the seal is pre-coated
with a special sealant. An additional application of sealant is not required. (18) Install the pinion yoke with Remover/Installer
C-3718 and Wrench C-3281.
(19) Remove the tools. Install the Belleville
washer. The convex side of the washer must face out­ ward. Install the pinion nut. 4

J9103-21

Fig.
25
Pinion
Yoke
Installation

Fig.
26
Pinion
Gear
Seal
Installation
(20) Retain pinion yoke with Wrench C-3281. Ini­
tially tighten the drive pinion gear shaft nut enough
to remove the bearing end play. While tightening, ro­
tate the pinion shaft to ensure the bearing rollers are correctly seated. (21) Tighten the pinion nut to (Fig. 27) 285 N*m
(210 ft. lbs.) torque (minimum). (22) Remove the tools from the shaft. Rotate the
pinion several complete revolutions (both directions)
to additionally seat the bearing rollers.

CAUTION:
Never loosen
the
pinion gear
nut to de­

crease
the
pinion gear bearing preload torque.
If the

specified preload torque
is
exceeded,
a
replacement

collapsible
spacer must
be
installed.
The
torque
se­

quence
will
have
to be
repeated.
SPECIAL
DIFFERENTIAL

TOOL
HOUSING

•

REAR SUSPENSION
AND
AXLE
3 - 23
Fig. 27 Tightening Pinion Gear Nut (23) Measure the pinion bearing preload torque by
rotating pinion shaft with a Newton-meter or an inch-pound torque wrench. The correct bearing pre­load torque is 2-4 N-m (20-30 in. lbs.). This torque
value is with replacement bearings and pinion nut
tightened to a minimum of 285 N-m (210 ft. lbs.)
torque (Fig. 28).
When using original pinion rear bearing and a
replacement front bearing. The correct preload torque is 1 N-m (10 in. lbs.) torque in addition to
the torque measured and recorded during disas­ sembly. Fig. 28 Bearing Preload Torque Measurement
The bearing preload torque should be constant
during a complete revolution of the drive pinion
gear shaft. If the preload torque varies during rotation of the shaft, there is an internal binding
that must be corrected before final assembly.
(24) If the specified torque is not obtained, tighten
the nut in small increments until the preload torque is obtained.
The differential will be unacceptable for use if
the final nut torque is less than 285 N-m (210 ft.
lbs.) torque. If the preload torque is not within the specified range this is also unacceptable.
DIFFERENTIAL CASE INSTALLATION (1) Apply a coating of hypoid gear lubricant to the
differential bearings, bearing cups and threaded ad­
justers. A dab of grease can be used to keep the ad­
justers in position. Carefully position the assembled differential case in the housing.
(2) Observe the reference marks and install the
differential bearing caps at their original locations (Fig. 29).
Fig.
29 Bearing
Caps
&
Bolts

(3) Install the bearing cap bolts (Fig. 29). Tighten
the upper bolts to 14 N-m (10 ft. lbs.) torque. Tighten the lower bolts finger-tight until the bolt head is lightly seated.
DIFFERENTIAL BEARING PRELOAD AND RING GEAR BACKLASH ADJUSTMENT The following must be considered when adjusting
bearing preload and gear backlash:
• The maximum ring gear backlash variation is
0.003 inch (0.076 mm)
• Mark the gears so the same teeth are meshed dur­
ing all backlash measurements
• Maintain the torque while adjusting the bearing
preload and ring gear backlash • Excessive adjuster torque will introduce a high
bearing load and cause premature bearing failure. Insufficient adjuster torque can result in excessive differential case free-play and ring gear noise

•

REAR
SUSPENSION
AND
AXLE
3 - 27
SPECIFICATIONS

8
1/4
INCH AXLE
Axle Type .Semi-floating, hypoid
Ring Gear Diam.. ....8.25
in.
(20.95 cm)
Lubricant............................. .........SAE 80W-90
Lube Capacity.....
70
oz. (2.08
L)

Sure-Grip Additive ....4 oz. (118
ml)

Diff.
Case Clearance.. 0.005
in.
(0.12 mm)
Ring Gear Backlash.0.005-0.008
in.
(0.12-0.20 mm)
Pinion Bearing Preload........ 10-20 in.lbs. (1-2 N*m) Case Flange Runout ................0.003
in.
(0.076 mm)
Ring Gear Runout ....0.005
in.
(0.127 mm)

AXLE
RATIOm„...,„GEAR/TEETH COMBINATION
3.55:1.....
39/11

3.90:1............
...............39/10

9
1/4
INCH AXLE
Axle Type .............Semi-floating, hypoid
Ring Gear Diam 9.25
in.
(23.50 cm)
Lubricant ....................SAE 80W-90
Lube Capacity ........76 oz. (2.26
L)
Diff.
Case Clearance 0.005
in.
(0.12 mm)
Ring Gear Backlash.0.005-0.008
in,
(0.12-0.20 mm)
Pinion Bearing Preload. 10-20 in.lbs. (1-2 Nnn) Case Flange Runout ................0.003
in.
(0.076 mm)
Ring Gear Runout..... .......0.005
in.
(0.127 mm)

AXLE
RATIO ........GEAR/TEETH COMBINATION
3.55:1.
.......39/11

3.90:1..............
39/10
TORQUE SPECIFICATIONS

8
1/4 AND 9 1/4
INCH
REAR AXLE

DESCRIPTION
TORQUE

8-3/8
Axle
Differential

Bearing Cap Bolt

9-1/4
Axle
Differential
Bearing Cap Bolt
Brake Backing
Plate
Differential
Housing
Cover
Bolt....

Pinion Yoke Nut (Minimum

Torque)

Ring
Gear Bolt

RWAL
Brake
Sensor...........
95 N*m (70 ft.
lbs.)

136 N»m(100ft.
lbs.!

... 64
N*m (48 ft. lbs.]
47
N»m
(35 ft.
lbs.)

285 N*m
(21
Oft. lbs.)

... 95
N*m (70 ft. lbs.)

... 24
N*m (18 ft.
lbs.)

J9203-69

•

REAR
SUSPENSION
AND
AXLE
3 - 33
WHEEL BEARING SERVICE

REMOVAL (1) Remove the axle shaft, refer to the removal
procedure. (2) Remove the nut lock and adjustment nut.
(3) Remove the hub and drum assembly. The outer
wheel bearing will slide out as the hub is being re­
moved. (4) Place hub on bench and remove inner grease
seal. Discard seal. (5) Remove inner wheel bearing. Inspect wheel
bearings for wear. Replace as necessary.
CLEANING AND INSPECTION (1) Thoroughly clean both wheel bearings and in­
terior of the hub. Remove all of the residual lubri­ cant. (2) To clean the bearings:
• Soak them in an appropriate cleaning solvent
• Strike the flat of each bearing against a hardwood
block several times • Flush bearing between strikes
• Repeat the procedure above until each bearing is clean
• Dry the bearings with compressed air but do not
spin them (3) After cleaning, apply engine oil to each bear­
ing. (4) Rotate each bearing slowly while applying
downward force. Examine the rollers for pitting and
roughness. Replace worn or otherwise defective bear­
ings.
If a bearing has pitted and/or rough surfaced
rollers, replace both the bearing and bearing cup. (5) If reusable, remove the engine oil from each
bearing. Pack each bearing with multi-purpose
NLGI, grade 2, EP-type lubricant. Ensure that lubricant is forced into all the cav­
ities between the bearing cage and rollers.
INSTALLATION (1) If a bearing and cup must be replaced, remove
the cup from the hub bore. Use a brass drift or an appropriate removal tool to tap out the cup. (2) Install the replacement bearing cup(s) with an
appropriate installation tool.
(3) Apply lubricant to surface area of the hub bore.
Install the inner wheel bearing in the hub. Install a
replacement bearing seal with an appropriate seal installation tool. (4) Inspect the bearing and seal contact surfaces on
the axle for burrs and/or roughness.
(5) Remove all the rough contact surfaces from the

axle.
Apply a coating of multi-purpose NLGI, grade

2,
EP-type lubricant to the axle.

CAUTION:
Use care to prevent the inner
wheel
bear­
ing
and bearing
seal
from contacting the axle
threads
during installation. Otherwise, the
threads,

bearing,
and
seal
could
be
damaged.

(6) Carefully slide the hub onto the axle. Install
the outer wheel bearing, the locktab and outer wheel
bearing locknut.
(7) Tighten the adjustment nut to 163-190 Nnn
(120-140 ft. lbs.) torque while rotating the wheel. (8) Loosen the adjustment nut 1/3 of-a-turn (120
degrees) to provide 0.001-inch to 0.008-inch wheel
bearing end play.
(9) Tap the nut lock into the spindle keyway and
adjustment nut.
(10) Install the axle shaft, refer to the installation
procedure.

COMPLETE AXLE REMOVAL/INSTALLATION
REMOVAL It is not necessary to remove the complete axle
from the vehicle for routine or differential service. If
the differential housing or axle shaft tubes are dam­ aged, the complete axle can be removed and in­
stalled.
(1) Raise the rear of the vehicle until the rear
wheels are not contacting the surface. Support the
vehicle body at the front of the rear springs.
(2) Use a wooden block to retain the brake pedal
in the up position.
(3) Remove the axle shafts, wheels, hubs and
brake drums. If necessary, refer to the applicable re­ moval procedures.
(4) Disconnect the brake line and cap the fittings
to prevent loss of brake fluid. (5) Disconnect the parking brake cables.
Scribe installation alignment reference marks
on drive shaft U-joint and on pinion yoke. (6) Disconnect the drive shaft U-joint from the pin­
ion yoke. Secure it in an upright position to prevent
damage to the U-joint.
(7) Remove the rear shock absorbers and the rear
spring U-bolts from the axle. (8) Remove the rear axle from the vehicle.
INSTALLATION (1) If the differential housing cover was removed,
ensure differential housing and cover mating sur­
faces are clean.
(2) If cover was removed, apply a bead of MOPAR
Silicone Rubber Sealant around the cover bolt circle.
Install the differential housing cover. Tighten the
cover bolts to 47 N»m (35 ft. lbs.) torque. Install the axle gear ratio identification tag under one of
the cover bolts.
(3) With the vehicle body supported at the front of
the rear springs, position the axle under the rear springs.

3
- 34
REAR SUSPENSION
AND
AXLE

• (4) Install the spring U-bolts and tighten the nuts
with the specified torque.
(5) Install the shock absorbers.
(6) Connect the parking brake cables.
(7) Connect the brake lines. Install the hubs and
brake drums. Adjust the wheel bearings (refer to Wheel Bearing Adjustment).
(8) Remove the block from the brake pedal. Bleed
and adjust the brakes.
(9) Connect the drive shaft to the pinion yoke with
the reference marks aligned. Tighten the U-joint clamp bolts to 21 N-m (16 ft. lbs./186 in. lbs.) torque.
(10) Install the rear wheels and tighten the lug
nuts with the specified torque (refer to Group 22,
Wheels And Tires). (11) Raise the rear of the vehicle, remove the sup­

ports,
level the vehicle and position the supports. (12) Remove the fill hole plug from the differential
housing cover. Fill the differential housing to the correct level with MOPAR Hypoid Gear Lubricant, or
an equivalent product. Add 4 ounces of MOPAR Hypoid Gear Lubri­
cant Additive for Trac-Lok equipped axles. (13) Install the fill hole plug. Remove the supports
and lower the vehicle. (14) Road test the vehicle to evaluate the results of
the repair.

DIFFERENTIAL
DISASSEMBLY
RE MO VA
L/DISA
SSEMBL Y
Remove the RWAL brake sensor
hold-down

bolt and pull the sensor from the differential
housing. The sensor must be removed to prevent damage when disassembling or assembling the differential components.
(1) Note the installation reference letters
stamped on the bearing caps and housing ma­
chined sealing surface (Fig. 7). (2) Remove the differential bearing caps.
Fig.
7 Bearing Cap
identification
(3) Position Spreader D-167 with the tool dowel
pins seated in the locating holes (Fig. 8). Install the holddown clamps and tighten the tool turnbuckle fin­
ger-tight.

SPECIAL TOOL DIAL

MODEL
44-W-129-A
INDICATOR

Fig.
8
Differential
Housing
Separation
(4) Install a pilot stud at the left side of the differ­
ential housing. Attach Dial Indicator to housing pilot
stud. Load the indicator plunger against the opposite
side of the housing (Fig. 8) and zero the indicator.

CAUTION:
Do not
spread
over the specified
dis­

tance. If the
housing
is over-separated, it
could
be distorted or
damaged.

(5) Separate the housing enough to remove the
case from the housing. Separate housing a maxi­
mum distance of 0.38 mm (0.015 in) with the spreader tool. Measure the distance with the dial
indicator (Fig. 8).
(6) Remove the dial indicator. (7) Pry the differential case loose from the hous­
ing. To prevent damage, pivot on housing with the
end of the pry bar against case.
(8) Remove the case from housing. If they are re­
usable, retain the differential bearing cups and bear­ ings together as matched sets.
(9) Clamp the differential case in a vise equipped
with soft jaws. Remove and discard the ring gear

bolts.
Tap the ring gear with a rawhide mallet and
remove (Fig. 9).
(10) Remove the pinion yoke nut and washer. Use
Remover C-452 and Wrench C-3281 to remove the
pinion yoke (Fig. 10).
(11) Use Remover C-748 to remove the pinion gear
seal (Fig. 4).
(12) Remove oil slinger, front bearing and shims
(Fig. 11). Record the thickness of the shims. This will
save time if they should become misplaced.
(13) The excitor ring can be removed with a soft-
faced hammer (Fig. 12). Discard after removal.

REAR SUSPENSION
AND
AXLE
3 - 35

SPECIAL
TOOL
C-3281

EXCITOR
RING RING

GEAR
8903-32

Fig.
9
Ring
Gear
Removal

(14) Remove the front pinion bearing cup with Re­
mover D-158 and Handle C-4171 (Fig. 13).
(15) Remove the rear bearing cup from housing

(Fig.
14).
• Model 60 use Remover D-162 and Handle C-4171
SPECIAL
TOOL

C-452
J9102-31

Fig.
10
Pinion
Yoke
Removal
• Model 70 use Remover D-159 and Handle C-4171
(16) Remove the depth shims from the housing

bore.
Record the thickness of the depth shims.
(17) Remove the pinion rear bearing (Fig. 15);
• Model 60 use Puller DD-914-P, Adapter Ring DD-
914-9 and Plate C-293-37
• Model 70 use Puller DD-914-P, Adapter Ring DD-
914-9 and Plate DD-914-95 (18) Remove the differential side gears and thrust

washers.

PINION
YOKE
WASHER

SLINGER

PINION

PRELOAD
SHIMS
FRONT

BEARING
CUP
PINION
NUT
PINION
OIL
SEAL

PINION PRELOAD
SPACER
FRONT

BEARING
CONE

SHOULDER
FOR

'
PINION
PRELOAD
SPACER
J9203-63

Fig.
11
Pinion
Front Bearing and Preload
Shims

•

REAR SUSPENSION
AND
AXLE
3 - 41 (1) Insert Master Pinion Block into the differential
housing (Fig. 29);
• Model 60 use Tool D-120
• Model 70 use Tool D-137

Fig.
29
Pinion
Block
In Shaft
Bore

(2) Place Disc D-116-2 on Arbor D-115-3 and posi­
tion in the bearing cradles (Fig. 30). This is the cen­
terline of the ring gear/axle shaft.

Fig.
30
Disc
&
Arbor
In
Housing

(3) Place Pinion Height Block D-116-1 on top of
master pinion block tool and against arbor tool (Fig.

31).

(4) Firmly place Gauge Block D-115-2 and Dial In­
dicator D-106-5 on the lowest step of pinion height
block tool (Fig. 32). Zero the dial indicator pointer.
(5) Move the gauge block toward the arbor until
the indicator plunger contacts the arbor tool (Fig.
32).
Slide the gauge block across along the arbor
while observing indicator. Record the longest travel distance, whether inward (-) or outward
(
+
),
indi­
cated by the pointer.
The plunger travel distance indicated, plus or
minus the variance etched in the gear is the re­ quired thickness for the depth shims.
Fig.
31
Pinion
Height
Block
Against
Arbor

Fig.
32
Pinion
Gear Depth Measurement
(6) Measure the thickness of each depth shim with
a micrometer and combine the shims necessary for
total required pack thickness. Include oil slinger
thickness with the total shim pack thickness.
(7) Remove the measurement tools from the differ­
ential housing.
(8) Place the depth shims in the pinion gear rear
bearing bore. Install the bearing cup (Fig. 33);
• Model 60 use Installer
D-lll
and Handle C-4171
• Model 70 use Installer C-4204 and Handle C-4171 Ensure the cup is correctly seated. (9) Install the pinion front bearing cup with In­
staller C-4203 and Handle C-4171 (Fig. 34).
(10) Install the rear bearing (and slinger if used)
on the pinion gear with Installer C-3095-A until
completely seated (Fig. 35).
(11) Assemble preload shims onto pinion and in­
stall the pinion gear in housing.
(12) Install pinion front bearing, oil slinger, yoke,
washer and nut. Install the yoke with Installer C-3718 and Wrench C-3281 (Fig. 36).

3
- 42
REAR
SUSPENSION
AND
AXLE

SPECIAL TOOL
D-111
PRESS

DRIVE

PINION GEAR
SHAFT
REAR BEARING"
INSTALLATION

TOOL
SPECIAL
TOOL
C-4171 J9203-65 DRIVE
PINION GEAR
OIL

SLINGER

J9302-68

Fig.
33
Pinion
Rear Bearing Cup
installation
Fig.
35
Pinion
Rear Bearing
Installation

BEARING
CUP

INSTALLATION
TOOL
C-4203
DRIVER

HANDLE
TOOL

C-4171
SPECIAL

TOOL
C-3718
DIFFERENTIAL

HOUSING

SPECIAL
TOOL

C-3281

Fig.
34
Pinion
Front Bearing Cup
Installation
(13) Tighten the yoke nut to 339-366 N-m (250-270
ft. lbs.) torque. (14) Check bearing preload torque with an inch
pound torque wrench (Fig. 37). The torque necessary
to rotate the pinion gear should be;
• Original Bearings — 1-3 Nnn (10-20 in. lbs.)
• New Bearings — 2-5 Nnn (20-40 in. lbs.)
If the preload torque is not within the specified tol­
erance, correct the shim thickness accordingly (Fig.

38);

• Increase the preload torque, decrease the shim
thickness
• Decrease the preload torque, increase the shim
thickness
J9103-21

Fig.
36
Pinion
Yoke
Installation

(15) Remove the pinion yoke nut and washer. Use
Remover C-452 and Wrench C-3281 to remove the
pinion yoke (Fig. 39).
(16) Apply a light coating of gear lubricant on the
lip of pinion seal. Install the new seal (Fig. 40);
© Model 60 use Installer C-3719-A and Handle C-4735
• Model 70 use Installer C-359 and Handle C-4735 (17) Install the yoke with Installer C-3718 and
Wrench C-3281 (Fig. 36).