manual transmission JEEP COMPASS 2019 Owner handbook (in English)

Power Inverter — If Equipped.......... 58
ROOF LUGGAGE RACK — IF EQUIPPED......... 59
GETTING TO KNOW YOUR
INSTRUMENT PANEL
INSTRUMENT CLUSTER DISPLAY............ 60Instrument Cluster Display Location
And Controls.................... 60
Oil Change Indicator System — If Equipped . 61
Gear Shift Indicator (GSI) — If Equipped . . . 61
Instrument Cluster Display Menu Items.... 62
Fuel System Messages.............. 62
TRIP COMPUTER..................... 64
WARNING LIGHTS AND MESSAGES.......... 64
Red Warning Lights................ 64
Yellow Warning Lights............... 68
Yellow Indicator Lights.............. 72
Green Indicator Lights.............. 74
White Indicator Lights.............. 75
Blue Indicator Lights............... 76
Gray Indicator Lights............... 76
ONBOARD DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM — OBD II...... 76Onboard Diagnostic System (OBD II)
Cybersecurity.................... 77
EMISSIONS INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE
PROGRAMS....................... 77
SAFETY
SAFETY FEATURES................... 79Anti-Lock Brake System (ABS)......... 79
Electronic Brake Control System........ 80
AUXILIARY DRIVING SYSTEMS............. 88Blind Spot Monitoring (BSM) — If Equipped . 88Forward Collision Warning (FCW)
With Mitigation — If Equipped......... 91
Tire Pressure Monitor System (TPMS)..... 94
OCCUPANT RESTRAINT SYSTEMS........... 98Occupant Restraint Systems Features..... 98
Important Safety Precautions.......... 98
Seat Belt Systems................ 99
Supplemental Restraint Systems (SRS) . . . 106
Child Restraints — Carrying
Children Safely................. 122
Transporting Pets................ 137
SAFETY TIPS..................... 138Transporting Passengers............ 138
Exhaust Gas................... 138
Safety Checks You Should Make Inside
The Vehicle.................... 138
Periodic Safety Checks You Should Make
Outside The Vehicle............... 140
STARTING AND OPERATING
STARTING THE ENGINE................ 141Normal Starting — Gasoline Engine..... 141
Stopping The Engine.............. 143
Normal Starting — Diesel Engine....... 143
PARK BRAKE...................... 145Electric Park Brake (EPB)........... 145
MANUAL TRANSMISSION — IF EQUIPPED...... 147Shifting...................... 148
Downshifting................... 149
Parking....................... 150
AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION — IF EQUIPPED.... 151Ignition Park Interlock.............. 152
Brake/Transmission Shift Interlock System . 152
Nine-Speed Automatic Transmission..... 152
FOUR-WHEEL DRIVE OPERATION — IF EQUIPPED . . 158
Jeep Active Drive................. 158
SELEC-TERRAIN — IF EQUIPPED........... 160Mode Selection Guide.............. 160
STOP/START SYSTEM — IF EQUIPPED........ 161Operating Modes................. 161
Manual Activation / Deactivation....... 162
ACTIVE SPEED LIMITER — IF EQUIPPED....... 162Activation..................... 163
Exceeding The Set Speed............ 163
Deactivation.................... 163
SPEED CONTROL — IF EQUIPPED.......... 163To Activate.................... 164
To Set A Desired Speed............. 164
To Resume Speed................ 164
To Deactivate................... 164
ADAPTIVE CRUISE CONTROL (ACC) —
IF EQUIPPED...................... 165
To Activate/Deactivate.............. 165
To Set A Desired ACC Speed.......... 165
To Resume.................... 166
To Vary The Speed Setting........... 166
Setting The Following Distance In ACC.... 167
PARKSENSE REAR PARK ASSIST — IF EQUIPPED . . 168ParkSense Sensors................ 168
ParkSense Warning Display........... 168
Enabling And Disabling ParkSense...... 168
ParkSense System Usage Precautions.... 169
PARKSENSE FRONT AND REAR PARK ASSIST —
IF EQUIPPED...................... 170
ParkSense Sensors................ 170
Enabling And Disabling ParkSense...... 171
Side Distance Warning System......... 171
PARKSENSE ACTIVE PARK ASSIST SYSTEM —
IF EQUIPPED...................... 173
7

Enabling And Disabling The ParkSense
Active Park Assist System........... 173
Exiting The Parking Space........... 174
LANESENSE — IF EQUIPPED............. 176LaneSense Operation.............. 176
Turning LaneSense On Or Off......... 177
LaneSense Warning Message.......... 177
Changing LaneSense Status.......... 179
PARKVIEW REAR BACK UP CAMERA —
IF EQUIPPED...................... 179
REFUELING THE VEHICLE............... 180
Emergency Fuel Filler Door Release..... 181
REFUELING THE VEHICLE — DIESEL ENGINE.... 183Adblue (UREA) — If Equipped........ 184
TRAILER TOWING................... 187Common Towing Definitions.......... 187
Trailer Towing Weights (Maximum
Trailer Weight Ratings)............. 189
Towing Requirements.............. 189
RECREATIONAL TOWING (BEHIND MOTORHOME,
ETC.).......................... 191
Towing This Vehicle Behind Another
Vehicle....................... 191
Recreational Towing — Front-Wheel Drive (FWD)
Models....................... 191
Recreational Towing — 4X4 Models..... 192
IN CASE OF EMERGENCY
HAZARD WARNING FLASHERS............ 193
BULB REPLACEMENT................. 193
Replacement Bulbs............... 193
Replacing Exterior Bulbs............ 195
FUSES......................... 199General Information............... 200Fuse Location................... 200
Engine Compartment Fuses/Distribution
Unit........................ 200
Engine Compartment Fuses/Auxiliary Unit . . 204
Interior Fuses................... 205
Rear Cargo Fuse/Relay Distribution Unit . . . 206
JACKING AND TIRE CHANGING............ 208Jack Location/Spare Tire Stowage....... 208
Preparations For Jacking............ 209
Jacking Instructions............... 210
Road Tire Installation.............. 213
EC Declaration Of Conformance........ 213
Jack Usage Precautions............ 214
TIRE SERVICE KIT — IF EQUIPPED.......... 215
JUMP STARTING.................... 220
Preparations For Jump Start.......... 221
Jump Starting Procedure............ 222
REFUELING IN EMERGENCY.............. 223
IF YOUR ENGINE OVERHEATS............. 223
GEAR SELECTOR OVERRIDE.............. 224
FREEING A STUCK VEHICLE.............. 225
TOWING A DISABLED VEHICLE............ 226
Without The Key Fob.............. 227
Front-Wheel Drive (FWD) Models —
WithKeyFob ................... 227
4x4 Models.................... 227
Emergency Tow Hooks.............. 228
Tow Eye Usage — If Equipped......... 229
ENHANCED ACCIDENT RESPONSE SYSTEM (EARS) . 230
EVENT DATA RECORDER (EDR)............ 230
SERVICING AND MAINTENANCE
SCHEDULED SERVICING................ 2311.4L Gasoline Engine.............. 231Diesel Engines.................. 235
ENGINE COMPARTMENT............... 2401.4L Engine.................... 240
2.0L Diesel Engine............... 241
1.6L Diesel Engine............... 242
Checking Oil Level................ 243
Adding Washer Fluid.............. 243
Maintenance-Free Battery........... 244
DEALER SERVICE................... 245Air Conditioner Maintenance.......... 245
Wiper Blades................... 245
Exhaust System................. 246
Cooling System.................. 247
Brake System.................. 248
Manual Transmission — If Equipped..... 249
Automatic Transmission............. 249
RAISING THE VEHICLE................. 250
TIRES.......................... 250
Tires — General Information......... 250
Tire Types..................... 255
Spare Tires — If Equipped.......... 256
Tire Chains (Traction Devices)......... 257
Tire Rotation Recommendations........ 258
STORING THE VEHICLE................ 259
BODYWORK....................... 260
Preserving The Bodywork............ 260
INTERIORS....................... 261Seats And Fabric Parts............. 261
Plastic And Coated Parts............ 262
Leather Parts................... 262
Glass Surfaces.................. 262
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
IDENTIFICATION DATA................. 263Vehicle Identification Number......... 263
TABLE OF CONTENTS
8

WARNING!
the key is turned. This also applies to
vehicles that are being towed.
CAUTION!
An unlocked vehicle is an invitation for
thieves. Always remove key fob from the
vehicle and lock all doors when leaving the
vehicle unattended.
NOTE:
For further information, refer to "Starting The
Engine" in "Starting And Operating” in the
Owner’s Manual.
Integrated/Manual Ignition — If Equipped
This vehicle may be equipped with an
integrated/manual ignition switch. It has
three operating positions, two with detents
and one that is spring-loaded. The detent
positions are OFF, ON/RUN, and START. The
START position is a spring-loaded momen-
tary contact position. When released from the
START position, the switch automatically re-
turns to the RUN position.OFF
• The engine is stopped.
• The key can be removed from the ignition
switch.
• The steering column can be locked (with
the ignition key removed).
• Some electrical devices (e.g. power locks,
alarm, etc.) are still available.
ON/RUN
• Driving position.
• Electrical devices are available.
START
• Start the engine.
The ignition switch is provided with a safety
mechanism. If the engine fails to start, the
ignition should be returned to the STOP/OFF
position prior to repeating the starting proce-
dure.
On models equipped with an automatic
transmission, the ignition key is only remov-
able when the gear selector is in PARK (P).
Electronic Steering Wheel Lock —
If Equipped
Your vehicle may be equipped with a passive
electronic steering wheel lock. This lock pre-
vents steering the vehicle with the ignition
OFF. The steering wheel lock releases with
the ignition ON. If the lock does not disen-
gage and the vehicle does not start, turn the
wheel to the left and right to disengage the
lock.
Mechanical Steering Wheel Lock —
If Equipped
Your vehicle may be equipped with a me-
chanical steering wheel lock. This lock pre-
vents steering the vehicle with the ignition
OFF. With the engine running, rotate the
steering wheel one-half revolution in either
direction (six o’clock position), turn off the
engine and remove the key. Turn the steering
wheel slightly in either direction until the
lock engages.
GETTING TO KNOW YOUR VEHICLE
16

•Down Arrow Button
Push and release thedownarrow button to
scroll downward through the main menu
and submenus.
•Right Arrow Button
Push and release therightarrow button to
access the information screens or submenu
screens of a main menu item.
•Left Arrow Button
Push and release theleftarrow button to
access the information screens or submenu
screens of a main menu item.
•OK Button
Push theOKbutton to access/select the
information screens or submenu screens of
a main menu item. Push and hold theOK
button for one second to reset displayed/
selected features that can be reset.Oil Change Indicator System —
If Equipped
Your vehicle is equipped with an engine oil
change indicator system. The “Oil Change
Due” message will display in the instrument
cluster display for five seconds after a single
chime has sounded, to indicate the next
scheduled oil change interval. The engine oil
change indicator system is duty cycle based,
which means the engine oil change interval
may fluctuate, dependent upon your personal
driving style.
Gear Shift Indicator (GSI) — If Equipped
The Gear Shift Indicator (GSI) system is en-
abled on vehicles with a manual transmis-
sion, or when a vehicle with an automatic
transmission is in manual shift mode. The
GSI provides the driver with a visual indica-
tion when the recommended gear shift point
has been reached. This indication notifies
the driver that changing gear will allow a
reduction in fuel consumption. When the up
shift indicator is shown on the instrument
cluster display, the GSI is advising the driver
to engage a higher gear. When the down shift
indicator is shown on the display, the GSI is
advising the driver to engage a lower gear.
The GSI indicator remains illuminated until
the driver changes gear, or the driving condi-
tions return to a situation where changing
gear is not required to improve fuel consump-
tion.
61

— Battery Charge Warning Light
This warning light will illuminate when the
battery is not charging properly. If it stays on
while the engine is running, there may be a
malfunction with the charging system. Con-
tact an authorized dealer as soon as possible.
This indicates a possible problem with the
electrical system or a related component.
— Door Open Warning Light
This indicator will illuminate when a door is
ajar/open and not fully closed.
NOTE:
If the vehicle is moving, there will also be a
single chime.
— Electric Power Steering Fault
Warning Light
This warning light will turn on when there's a
fault with the EPS (Electric Power Steering)
system. Refer to “Power Steering” in “Start-
ing And Operating” in the Owner’s Manual for
further information.
WARNING!
Continued operation with reduced assist
could pose a safety risk to yourself and
others. Service should be obtained as soon
as possible.
— Electronic Throttle Control (ETC)
Warning Light
This warning light will illuminate to indicate
a problem with the Electronic Throttle Con-
trol (ETC) system. If a problem is detected
while the vehicle is running, the light will
either stay on or flash depending on the
nature of the problem. Cycle the ignition
when the vehicle is safely and completely
stopped and the transmission is placed in the
PARK position. The light should turn off. If
the light remains on with the vehicle running,
your vehicle will usually be drivable; however,
see an authorized dealer for service as soon
as possible.
NOTE:
This light may turn on if the accelerator and
brake pedals are pressed at the same time.If the light continues to flash when the ve-
hicle is running, immediate service is re-
quired and you may experience reduced per-
formance, an elevated/rough idle, or engine
stall and your vehicle may require towing.
The light will come on when the ignition is
placed in the ON/RUN or ACC/ON/RUN posi-
tion and remain on briefly as a bulb check. If
the light does not come on during starting,
have the system checked by an authorized
dealer.
— Engine Temperature Warning Light
This warning light will illuminate to warn of
an overheated engine condition. If the engine
coolant temperature is too high, this light will
illuminate and a single chime will sound.
If the light turns on while driving, safely pull
over and stop the vehicle. If the A/C system is
on, turn it off. Also, shift the transmission
into NEUTRAL and idle the vehicle. If the
temperature reading does not return to nor-
mal, turn the engine off immediately and call
for service.
Refer to “If Your Engine Overheats” in “In
Case Of Emergency” for further information.
GETTING TO KNOW YOUR INSTRUMENT PANEL
66

• HSA will work in REVERSE gear and all
forward gears. The system will not activate
if the transmission is in PARK or NEU-
TRAL. For vehicles equipped with a manual
transmission, if the clutch is pressed, HSA
will remain active.
WARNING!
There may be situations where the Hill
Start Assist (HSA) will not activate and
slight rolling may occur, such as on minor
hills or with a loaded vehicle, or while
pulling a trailer. HSA is not a substitute for
active driving involvement. It is always the
driver’s responsibility to be attentive to
distance to other vehicles, people, and
objects, and most importantly brake op-
eration to ensure safe operation of the
vehicle under all road conditions. Your
complete attention is always required
while driving to maintain safe control of
your vehicle. Failure to follow these warn-
ings can result in a collision or serious
personal injury.
Towing With HSA
HSA will also provide assistance to mitigate
roll back while towing a trailer.
WARNING!
• If you use a trailer brake controller with
your trailer, the trailer brakes may be
activated and deactivated with the brake
switch. If so, there may not be enough
brake pressure to hold both the vehicle
and the trailer on a hill when the brake
pedal is released. In order to avoid roll-
ing down an incline while resuming ac-
celeration, manually activate the trailer
brake or apply more vehicle brake pres-
sure prior to releasing the brake pedal.
• HSA is not a parking brake. Always apply
the parking brake fully when exiting your
vehicle. Also, be certain to place the
transmission in PARK.
• Failure to follow these warnings can re-
sult in a collision or serious personal
injury.
Disabling And Enabling HSA
This feature can be turned on or turned off. To
change the current setting, proceed as fol-
lows:
• If disabling HSA using Uconnect Settings,
refer to “Uconnect Settings” in “Multime-
dia” for further information.
Rain Brake Support (RBS)
Rain Brake Support may improve braking
performance in wet conditions. It will periodi-
cally apply a small amount of brake pressure
to remove any water buildup on the front
brake rotors. It functions when the wind-
shield wipers are in LO or HI speed. When
Rain Brake Support is active, there is no
notification to the driver and no driver inter-
action is required.
Ready Alert Braking (RAB)
Ready Alert Braking may reduce the time
required to reach full braking during emer-
gency braking situations. It anticipates when
an emergency braking situation may occur by
87

Keyless Ignition Functions — Using The ENGINE
START/STOP Button
1. The transmission must be in PARK or
NEUTRAL.
2. Press and hold the brake pedal while
pushing the ENGINE START/STOP button
once.
3. The system takes over and attempts to
start the vehicle. If the vehicle fails to
start, the starter will disengage automati-
cally after 10 seconds.
4. If you wish to stop the cranking of the
engine prior to the engine starting, push
the button again.
NOTE:
Normal starting of either a cold or a warm
engine is obtained without pumping or press-
ing the accelerator pedal.
Keyless Ignition Functions — With Driver’s Foot
OFF The Brake Pedal/Clutch Pedal (In PARK Or
NEUTRAL Position)
The Keyless Ignition feature operates similar
to an ignition switch. It has three modes,
OFF, ON/RUN, and START. To change theignition modes without starting the vehicle
and use the accessories follow these steps
starting with the ignition switch in the OFF
mode:
1. Push the ENGINE START/STOP button
once to change the ignition switch to the
ON/RUN mode.
2. Push the ENGINE START/STOP button a
second time to change the ignition switch
to the OFF mode.
Manual Transmission
The gear selector must be in the NEUTRAL
position before you can start the engine.
Apply the brakes before shifting into any
driving gear.
Keyless Ignition Functions — Using The ENGINE
START/STOP Button
1. The transmission must be in NEUTRAL.
2. Press and hold the clutch pedal while
pushing the ENGINE START/STOP button
once.3. The system takes over and attempts to
start the vehicle. If the vehicle fails to
start, the starter will disengage automati-
cally after 10 seconds.
4. If you wish to stop the cranking of the
engine prior to the engine starting, push
the button again.
NOTE:
Normal starting of either a cold or a warm
engine is obtained without pumping or press-
ing the accelerator pedal.
Keyless Ignition Functions — With Driver’s Foot
OFF The Brake Pedal/Clutch Pedal (In PARK Or
NEUTRAL Position)
The Keyless Ignition feature operates similar
to an ignition switch. It has three modes,
OFF, ON/RUN, and START. To change the
ignition modes without starting the vehicle
and use the accessories follow these steps
starting with the ignition switch in the OFF
position:
1. Push the ENGINE START/STOP button
once to change the ignition to the ON/
RUN mode.STARTING AND OPERATING
142

2. Push the ENGINE START/STOP button a
second time to change the ignition switch
to the OFF mode.
Stopping The Engine
Vehicles Equipped With A Mechanical Key Fob:
To turn off the engine, proceed as follows:
1. Park the car in a position that does not
cause a traffic hazard.
2. Place the transmission in gear (models
with a manual transmission) or place the
transmission in PARK (P) (models with
automatic transmission).
3. With the engine idling, place the ignition
in the STOP/OFF position.
4. Remove the key from the ignition when
the engine is shut off.
Vehicles Equipped With Electronic Key
(Keyless Ignition):
To shut off the engine with vehicle speed
greater than 5 mph (8 km/h), you must push
and hold the START/STOP button or push theSTART/STOP button three times consecu-
tively within a few seconds. The engine will
shut down, and the ignition will be placed in
the RUN position.
Turning Off the car (placing the ignition from
the RUN position to the STOP position), the
power supply to the accessories are main-
tained for a period of three minutes.
Opening the driver side door with the ignition
in RUN will sound a short chime that reminds
the driver to place the ignition to STOP.
When the ignition is in the STOP/OFF posi-
tion, the window switches remains active for
three minutes. Opening a front door will can-
cel this function.
After severe driving, idle the engine to allow
the temperature inside the engine compart-
ment to cool before shutting off the engine.
Normal Starting — Diesel Engine
Before starting your vehicle, adjust your seat,
both inside and outside mirrors, and fasten
your seat belts.The starter is allowed to crank for up to
30-second intervals. Waiting a few minutes
between such intervals will protect the starter
from overheating.
WARNING!
• Before exiting a vehicle, always come to
a complete stop, then shift the auto-
matic transmission into PARK and apply
the parking brake.
• Always make sure the keyless ignition
node is in the OFF mode, key fob is
removed from the vehicle and vehicle is
locked.
• Never leave children alone in a vehicle,
or with access to an unlocked vehicle.
Leaving children in a vehicle unattended
is dangerous for a number of reasons. A
child or others could be seriously or
fatally injured. Children should be
warned not to touch the parking brake,
brake pedal or the gear selector.
• Do not leave the key fob in or near the
vehicle, or in a location accessible to
children, and do not leave the ignition of
a vehicle equipped with Keyless Enter-
143

PARK BRAKE
Electric Park Brake (EPB)
Your vehicle is equipped with a new Electric
Park Brake System (EPB) that offers greater
convenience. The park brake switch is lo-
cated in the center console.
To apply the park brake manually, pull up on
the switch momentarily. The BRAKE warning
lamp in the instrument cluster and an indi-
cator on the switch will illuminate.To release the park brake manually, the igni-
tion switch must be in RUN. Then put your
foot on the brake pedal and push the park
brake switch down momentarily. Once the
park brake is fully disengaged, the BRAKE
warning lamp and the switch indicator will
extinguish.
The park brake can also be automatically
released. With the engine running and the
transmission in gear, release the brake pedal
and depress the throttle pedal. For safety
reasons, your seat belt must also be fastened.
NOTE:
• You may hear a slight whirring sound from
the back of the vehicle while the parking
brake engages or disengages.
• If your foot is on the brake pedal while you
are engaging or disengaging the parking
brake, you may notice a small amount of
brake pedal movement.
• The new Auto Park Brake feature can be
used to apply the park brake automatically
every time you park the vehicle. Auto Park
Brake can be enabled and disabled in the
Settings menu in Uconnect.• The parking brake can be engaged even
when the ignition switch is OFF, however, it
can only be disengaged when the ignition
switch is in the ON/RUN position.
• If exceptional circumstances should make
it necessary to engage the park brake while
the vehicle is in motion, maintain upward
pressure on the electric park brake switch
for as long as engagement is desired. The
BRAKE warning lamp will illuminate, and a
continuous chime will sound. The rear stop
lamps will also be illuminated automati-
cally while the vehicle remains in motion.
• SafeHold a new feature that will automati-
cally apply the park brake under certain
conditions. The EPB monitors the status of
the driver’s seat belt, driver’s door and
pedal positions to determine if the driver
may have exited while the vehicle is still
capable of moving and will then automati-
cally apply the park brake to prevent the
vehicle from rolling.
• The EPB fault lamp will illuminate if the
EPB switch is held for longer than 20 sec-
onds in either the released or applied posi-
tion. The light will extinguish upon releas-
ing the switch.
Parking Brake Switch
145

• Refer to the Starting And Operating section
of your vehicle’s Owner’s Manual.
WARNING!
• Do not rely on the parking brake to
operate effectively if the rear brakes
have been immersed in water or mud.
• Never use the PARK position as a sub-
stitute for the parking brake. Always
apply the parking brake fully when
parked to guard against vehicle move-
ment and possible injury or damage.
• When exiting the vehicle, always make
sure the ignition is in the OFF mode,
remove the key fob from the vehicle, and
lock your vehicle.
• Never leave children alone in a vehicle,
or with access to an unlocked vehicle.
Allowing children to be in a vehicle un-
attended is dangerous for a number of
reasons. A child or others could be seri-
ously or fatally injured. Children should
be warned not to touch the parking
brake, brake pedal or the transmission
gear selector.
WARNING!
• Do not leave the key fob in or near the
vehicle, (or in a location accessible to
children), and do not leave the ignition
in the ACC or ON/RUN mode. A child
could operate power windows, other
controls, or move the vehicle.
• Be sure the parking brake is fully disen-
gaged before driving; failure to do so can
lead to brake failure and a collision.
• Always fully apply the parking brake
when leaving your vehicle, or it may roll
and cause damage or injury. Also be
certain to leave the transmission in
PARK. Failure to do so may allow the
vehicle to roll and cause damage or
injury.
• Driving the vehicle with the parking
brake engaged, or repeated use of the
parking brake to slow the vehicle may
cause serious damage to the brake sys-
tem.
CAUTION!
If the Brake System Warning Light remains
on with the parking brake released, a brake
system malfunction is indicated. Have the
brake system serviced by an authorized
dealer immediately.
Auto Park Brake
The EPB can be programmed to be applied
automatically whenever the vehicle speed is
below 1.9 mph (3 km/h) and the automatic
transmission is placed in PARK, or with a
manual transmission, whenever the ignition
switch is in the OFF position. Auto Park
Brake is enabled and disabled by customer
selection through the Customer Program-
mable Features section of the Uconnect Set-
tings.
Any single Auto Park Brake application can
be bypassed by pushing the EPB switch to
the release position while the transmission is
placed in PARK (automatic transmission)
and the ignition is in the ON/RUN position.
STARTING AND OPERATING
146