PORSCHE 944 1987 1.G Workshop Manual

Manual Operation of
Retractable Headlights
If the retractable headlights do not open, they
can be operated manually by turning the knob
on the end of the motor drive shaft located in
the front of the engine compartment. The
connecting rod assembly is designed in such
a way that it need only be turned to the left to
either close or open the headlights.
WARNING

Do not turn the knob on the drive shaft as
long as the automatic mechanism is
operating.
The motor may turn suddenly and cause
injury. Before turning the knob, check first
whether the motor will work by turning on the ignition and by depressing the light switch to
the second stop.
99

Emission Control System

In the Interest of Clean Air
Pollution of our environment has become a
problem that is of increasing concern to all of
us. We urge you to join us in our efforts for
cleaner air in controlling the pollutants emitted from the automobile.
Porsche has developed an emission control
system that controls or reduces those parts of
the emission that can be harmful to our
environment. Your Porsche is equipped with
such a system.
Porsche warrants the Emission Control
System in your new car under the terms and
conditions set forth in the Warranty &
Maintenance booklet.
You, as the owner of the vehicle, have the
responsibility to provide regular maintenance
service for the vehicle and to keep a record of
all maintenance work performed. To facilitate
record keeping, have the service performed
by authorized Porsche dealers. They have
Porsche trained mechanics and special tools
to provide fast, efficient service.
WARNING To assure efficient operation of the
Emission Control System:

Have your vehicle maintained properly and in accordance with the
recommendations described in your
Warranty & Maintenance booklet. Lack of
proper maintenance, as well as improper
use of the vehicle, will impair the function
of the emission control system and could
lead to damage.
Do not alter or remove any component of the emission control system unless
approved by the manufacturer.
Do not alter or remove any device, such as heat shields, switches, ignition wires, valves, etc., which are designed to protect your vehicle's emission control system. Do not continue to operate your vehicle if you detect engine misfire or other
unusual operating conditions.
Starting
Do not leave vehicle engine idling unattended after starting. If warning lights should come on to indicate improper
operation, they would go unheeded.
Extended idling also produces heat,
which could result in overheating or other damage to the vehicle or other property.

Parking
As with any vehicle, do not park or operate your vehicle in areas where
combustible materials, such as dry grass
or leaves, can come into contact with a
hot exhaust system.

Undercoating
Do not apply additional undercoating or rust proofing on or near the exhaust
manifold, exhaust pipes, catalytic
converter or heat shields. During driving
the substance used for undercoating
could overheat and cause a fire.

100

How Emission Control Works

When an automobile engine is running, it uses energy generated through the combustion of a mixture of air and fuel. Depending on whether
a car is driven fast or slowly or whether the
engine is cold or hot, some of the fuel
(hydrocarbons) may not be burned completely but be discharged into the engine crankcase
or exhaust system. Additional hydrocarbons
may enter the atmosphere through
evaporation of fuel from the fuel tank. These
hydrocarbons (HC), when released into the
air, contribute to undesirable pollution.
In addition, carbon monoxide (CO) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) contribute to engine
emissions. They, too, are formed during the
combustion process and discharged into the
exhaust system.
To reduce these pollutants, your Porsche is
equipped with a precisely calibrated fuel
injection system to assure a finely balanced
air/fuel mixture under all operating conditions.

Oxygen Sensor
The oxygen sensor, installed in the exhaust
pipe continuously senses the oxygen content
of the exhaust and signals the information to
an electronic control unit. The control unit
corrects the air/fuel ratio, so that the engine
always receives an accurately metered air fuel mixture. .
Crankcase Ventilation
Through Crankcase Ventilation undesirable
emissions from the engine crankcase are not
permitted to reach the outside atmosphere.
These emissions are recirculated from the
crankcase to the air intake system. From here
the emissions mix with the intake air and are
later burned in the engine.
Catalytic converter
The catalytic converter is an efficient
"cleanup" device built into the exhaust system
of the vehicle. The catalytic converter burns
the undesirable pollutants in the exhaust gas
before it is released into the atmosphere.
The exclusive use of unleaded fuel is critically important for the life of the
catalytic converter. Therefore, only
unleaded gasoline without additives must
be used.
The catalytic converter will be damaged by

push or tow starting your vehicle
misfiring of the engine turning off the ignition while the vehicle is moving or
by other unusual operating conditions.
Do not continue to operate your vehicle
under these conditions, as otherwise fuel
can reach the catalytic converter. This
could result in overheating of the
converter.
Federal law prohibits use of leaded
gasoline in this car.
The Emission Control System and its other
related components are illustrated and
described on the following pages.
101

Emission Control System
1 Fuel pump
2 Fuel filter
3 Pressure damper
3a Pressure regulator
4 Injector
5 Auxiliary air valve
6 Air flow meter
7 Throttle valve switch
8 Temperature sensor
9 Engine temperature sensor
10 Speed sensor
11 Reference mark sensor (TDC)
12 Control unit
13 Ring gear
14 Ignition coil
15 Distributor
16 Relay (fuel pump / control unit)
17 Oxygen sensor
18 Catalytic converter
19 Muffler

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Fuel Evaporation Control
Fuel Tank Venting
The expansion chamber and the roll over valve prevent fuel from escaping to the outside at
extreme high outside temperatures and when
the car is driven or parked at an incline or in
any other nonlevel position. The safety valve
works as a restrictor in the tank vent line between the expansion chamber and the
canister.
Vapor Control System and Storage
When the fuel tank is filled, vapors are
collected in the expansion chamber and filler
tube by a vent l
ine leading the vapors via a roll over valve to the activated carbon canister where they are stored as long as the engine does not run. During engine operation, the
vapors are stored in the activated carbon
canister as long as the control valve I
(ON/OFF valve) is in the OFF-position.
The control valve I stops purging of the
canister during all other operating conditions of the engine if the coolant temperature of the
engine is below a defined temperature.
Purge System
Fuel vapors from the carbon canister will be
mixed with fresh air taken from the ambient


1 Control valve II
2 Temperature switch
3 Air flow meter
4 Throttle valve 5 Intake manifold
6 Engine
7 Injection valve
8 Control valve I
(ON/OFF) 9 Expansion chamber
10 Charcoal canister
11 Roll over valve
12 Pressure regulator
13 Pressure damper 14 Fuel filter
15 Fuel pump
16 Fuel tank
of the carbon canister or fuel vapors from the
fuel tank. The vapors will be directed via a
control valve I and control valve II to the air
intake system housing. The control valve I has the following functions:
To stop purging of the canister during idle (the rich vapor flow from the canister would
influence the mixture characteristic).
To allow purging of the canister during all
other operating conditions of the engine.
The control valve II controls the vapor flow to
the engine.
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Technical Data
105

Engine 944 Number of cylinders
4
Bore 3.94 in. / 100 mm
Stroke 3.11 in. / 78.9 mm
Displacement 151 cu. in. / 2479 cm
3
Compression ratio 9.7:1
SAE net-power 147 hp/ 110 kW at 5800 rpm
SAE net-torque 140 ft lb / 190 Nm at 3000 rpm
Output per liter 59,3 SAE net-hp / 44,4 SAE net-kW
Max. permissible rpm 6500
Fuel octane rating Unleaded fuel only 91 RON (87 CLC or AKI ((R+M)/2) rating on fuel pump s in U.S.A.)

Spark plugs Bosch WR 7 DC or
Champion RN 9 YC
Electrode gap 0.028 + 0.004 in. / 0.7 + 0.1 mm
Battery capacity 12 volts, 63 Ah
Alternator output 1610W/115A
Firing order 1-3-4-2
Ignition timing Self-adjusting DME (Digital-Motor-E lectronic)
Ignition Transistorized ignition system with breake r less distributor
Belt for alternator Polyrib K6 1000 Lw
Belt for servo pump 9.5 x 950 LA
Valve clearance Hydraulic valve clearance compensat ion

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Engine 944 S Number of cylinders
4
Bore 3.94 in. / 100 mm
Stroke 3.11 in. / 78.9 mm
Displacement 151 cu. in. / 2479 cm
3
Compression ratio 10.9:1
SAE net-power 188 hp/ 140 kW at 6000 rpm
SAE net-torque 170 ft lb / 230 Nm at 4300 rpm
Output per liter 75,8 SAE net-hp / 56,5 SAE net-kW
Max. permissible rpm 6800
Fuel octane rating Unleaded fuel only 95 RON (90 CLC or AKI ((R+M)/2) rating on fuel pump s in U.S.A.)

Spark plugs Bosch WR 7 DC
Electrode gap 0.028 + 0.004 in. / 0.7 + 0.1 mm
Battery capacity 12 volts, 63 Ah
Alternator output 1610W/115A
Firing order 1-3-4-2
Ignition timing Self-adjusting DME (Digital-Motor-E lectronic)
Ignition Transistorized ignition system with breake r less distributor
Belt for alternator Polyrib K6 1000 Lw
Belt for servo pump 9.5 x 950 LA
Valve clearance Hydraulic valve clearance compensat ion

107

Engine 944 Turbo
Number of cylinders
4
Bore 3.94 in. / 100 mm
Stroke 3.11 in. / 78.9 mm
Displacement 151 cu. in. / 2479 cm
3
Compression ratio 8.0:1
SAE net-power 217 hp/ 162 kW at 5800 rpm
SAE net-torque 243 ft lb / 330 Nm at 3500 rpm
Output per liter 87,5 SAE net-hp / 65,3 SAE net-kW
Max. permissible rpm 6500
Fuel octane rating Unleaded fuel only 90 RON (90 CLC or AKI ((R+M)/2) rating on fuel pump s in U.S.A.)

Spark plugs Bosch WR 7 DC
Electrode gap 0.028 + 0.004 in. / 0.7 + 0.1 mm
Battery capacity 12 volts, 63 Ah
Alternator output 1610W/115A
Firing order 1-3-4-2
Ignition timing Self-adjusting DME (Digital-Motor-E lectronic)
Ignition Transistorized ignition system with breake r less distributor
Belt for alternator Polyrib K6 1000 Lw
Belt for servo pump 9.5 x 950 LA
Valve clearance Hydraulic valve clearance compensat ion

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Engine Design Specifications
Design
Operating cycle
Lubrication
Cylinder block
Cylinder head
Valve operation
Camshaft drive
Crankshaft
Fuel injection 4-cylinder, in-line engine, front mount with two ba
lance-shafts
4-stroke
Pressure oil circulation from oil sump,
full flow filter
Light metal
Light metal
Overhead camshaft
(944 S: 2 overhead camshafts)
Spur belt drive
Forged, 5 main bearings
AFC (Air Flow Control) Power Train
Manual transmission
Gear ratio
1st gear
2nd gear
3rd gear
4th gear
5th gear
Axle ratio Gear ratio 944
3.600:1
2.125:1
1.458:1
1.071:1
0.730:1
3.500:1
3.889:1 Gear ratio 944 S
3.500:1
2.059:1
1.400:1
1.034:1
0.829:1
3.500:1
3.889:1 Gear ratio 944 Turbo
3.500:1
2.059:1
1.400:1
1.034:1
0.829:1
3.500:1
3.375:1
Clutch
Power transmission Single plate dry disc, hydraulically operated
Double constant velocity joints and drive shaft
Automatic transmission 944
Gear ratio 1st gear
2nd gear
3rd gear
Reverse gear
Axle ratio
Clutch 2.714:1
1.500:1
1.000:1
2.429:1
3.455:1
Hydrodynamic torque converter
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Filling Capacities
Engine oil With filter change approx. 6.34 (Turbo: approx. 6.87) U.S. qts. or 6 (Turbo: approx. 6.5) liters.
Check oil level with dipstick a few minutes after e ngine has stopped. The difference between
the max. and min. marks on the dipstick is approx. 1 U.S. qt. or 1 liter.
Only use brand name oil which has been tested and a pproved by Porsche.
Your authorized Porsche dealer will be glad to advi se you.
Porsche does not recommend the use of oil additives . See also "Engine Oils".
Cooling system with heating
Approx. 8,2 U.S. qts. or 7,8 liters. Factory filled to -31°F (-35°C). Only use phosphate-free
anti-freeze containing ethylene glycol recommended for aluminum engines and radiators.
Manual transmission
Approx. 0.53 U.S. gal. or 2.0 liters. Use hypoid oi l SAE 80 labeled "For Service API/GL4 or
Mil-L 2105".
Automatic transmission with
torque converter Approx. 1.72 U.S. gal. or 6.5 liters ATF Dexron®. At oil c hanges 3 U.S. qts. or 2.8 liters are
required.
Differential of automatic transmission
Approx. 1 U.S. qts. or 1 liter hypoid oil SAE 90 ac cording to API classification GL 5 or
Mil-L 2105 B.
Power steering
Approx. 0.63 U.S. qts. or 0.6 liter ATF Dexron®
Fuel tank Approx. 21.1 U.S. gals, or 80 liters including a re serve of 2.1 U.S. gals, or 8 liters.
Unleaded fuel only! Minimum octane rating 944 91 RO N (87 CLC or AKI ((R+M)/2) rating on fuel
pumps in U.S.A.), 944 S / 944 Turbo 95 RON (90 CLC or AKI ((R+M)/2) rating on fuel pumps in U.S.A.)
Brake fluid Approx. 0.42 U.S. pint or 0.2 liter. Only use brake fluid conforming to specifications
SAE J 1703, DOT 3 or DOT 4.
Windshield and headlight washer system
Approx. 1.59 U.S. gals, or 6.0 liters.
Refrigerant for air conditioning Approx. 33.5 oz or 950 g. Refrigerant R 12 (CCI2F2)
Cooling system mixing chart
(Approximate values)
Anti-freeze-Water
Consult your authorized dealer about
the approved anti-freeze mixtures. Temp, down to
-13° F (-25°C) -23° F (-30° C) -31° F (-35° C)
Anti-freeze
40%
45%
50% Water
60% 55% 50%
Anti-freeze

3.1 liters / 3.3 U.S. qts.3.5 liters / 3.7 U.S. qts.3.9 liters / 4.1 U.S. qts.
Water
4.7 liters / 5.0 U.S. qts.
4.3 liters / 4.5 U.S. qts. 3.9 liters / 4.1 U.S. qts.
110

Engine Oils
Use only engine oils which meet the
specifications designated by PORSCHE. Your Porsche dealer will be glad to advise you on
the correct type of oil for your engine.
All current engine oils are compatible with each other, i. e. when making an oil change it
is not necessary to flush the engine if you
wish to use a different brand or grade of oil. Since, however, each brand of oil has a
special composition, you should, if possible,
use the same oil brand if it becomes
necessary to top up between oil changes.
PORSCHE engines have long intervals
between oil changes. You can make best use
of these long oil change intervals by using
multigrade oils since these are largely
independent of seasonal fluctuations in
temperature.
If your vehicle is used frequently in stop-and-
go traffic in winter, the engine will not always
be properly warmed up. Condensation from
products of combustion may accumulate in
the oil. In this case, it is advisable to change
the oil in spring so that your engine once
again has a 100% efficient engine oil.
Engine oil performance class

Engine oil is not only a lubricant, but also
serves to keep the engine clean, to neutralize
the dirt which penetrates into the engine
through combustion and to protect the engine
against corrosion. To perform these functions, the oil is provided with additives which have
been specially developed for these functions.
So-called mineral oils are produced directly
from crude oil. The oils can be further refined
(hydrocrack oils) or totally converted through a number of chemical processes (synthetic oils). These oils are structurally more efficient and
require fewer additives than simple mineral
oils.
The efficiency of an oil is expressed, for
example, by the API classifications which are
divided into categories "S" and "C". The
degrees of quality are expressed by final
letters in alphabetical order: The requirements for PORSCHE engines are API class SE/CC
to SF/CD.
Viscosity
Like all liquids, engine oil is viscous when
cold, and thin-bodied when warm.

The viscosity of an oil is expressed by its SAE class. For cold viscosity (measured at
temperatures below 0°C) the SAE class is
given as a number and the letter "W" (as in
winter); for hot viscosity (measured at 100°C) the SAE class is given only as a number. The viscosity of an oil is, therefore, always the same if it has the same number of an SAE
class.
E. g.: A 10 W -30 oil and a 10 W-40 oil have
the same viscosity when cold (below 0°C);
when hot (at 100°C) the oil with the number 30 is thinner than the oil with the number 40.
Single-grade/multigrade oils
Oils with two viscosities are called multi-g
rade oils; oils with only one viscosity are termed
single-grade oils.
Single-grade oils can only be used for the
narrow temperature range identified by their
SAE number; multigrade oils cover a wider
temperature range (see chart).
Fuel efficient oils
Fuel efficient oils reduce internal friction in the
engine. PORSCHE approves only fuel
efficient oils which are structurally so stable
that they can be used in PORSCHE engines
both as summer and winter oils (see chart of
areas of application for oils of different
viscosity). These conditions are currently
fulfilled by synthetic or hydrocrack fuel
efficient oils.

111

Tires, Rims 944 / 944 S
Tires, Rims
(Rim offset 52,3 mm) 215/60 VR 15 front and rear on rims 7 J x 15 H2
or 205/55 VR 16 on 7 J x 16 H2 front and 225/50 VR
16 on 8 J x 16 H2 rear
Snow tires
(Rim offset 52,3 mm) 195/65 R 15 80 Q M + S front and rear on rims 7 J x
15 H2
or 215/60 R 15 80 Q M + S front and rear on rims 7 J X 15 H2
or 205/55 R 16 80 Q M + S front and rear on rims 7 J x 16 H2
or 205/55 R 16 80 Q M + S on rims 7 J x 16 H2 front and
225/50 R 16 80 Q M + S on 8 J x 16 H2 rear
The load rating and identification letter for allow able maximum speed (e.g. 80 Q/VR 15)
represent minimum requirements.
Collapsible spare tire 165-15 8 PR 89 P on rim 51/2 J x 15 H2
Tire pressure always 36 psi (2.5 bar/atm.), front o r rear use. Maximum speed is 50 mph (80km/h).
Cold tire pressure front 29 psi (2.0 bar), rear 36 psi (2.5 bar)
Snow chains Should snow chains be necessary, they m ust be mounted on the drive wheels only. Maximum speed is 30 mph (50
km/h).
Always use Porsche - approved snow chains.

Important hint:
For tires with VR quality standard , there are currently no final standards concerning tire strength at speeds above 210 km/h. For this r eason,
only use tire makes and types tested by Porsche.
If you intend to use other than original equipment wheels, be sure that they conform to Porsche specif ications for your model. Check with your
Porsche dealer regarding the correct wheel specific ations for type and model year.

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Tires, Rims 944 Turbo
Tires, Rims
(Rim offset 52,3 mm) 205/55 VR 16 on rims 7 J x 16 H2 front and 225/50 V
R 16 on rims 8 J x 16 H2 rear
Snow tires
(Rim offset 52,3 mm) 205/55 R 16 82 Q M+S on rims 7 J x 16 H2 front and
rear
or 205/55 R 16 82 Q M + S on rims 7 J x 16 H2 front and
225/50 R 16 82 Q M + S on rims 8 J x 16 H2 rear
The load rating and identification letter for allow able maximum speed (e.g. 82 Q/VR 16)
represent minimum requirements.
Collapsible spare tire 165-15 8 PR 89 P on rim 51/2 J x 15 H2
Tire pressure always 36 psi (2.5 bar/atm.), front o r rear use. Maximum speed is 50 mph (80 km/h).
Cold tire pressure front and rear 36 psi (2.5 bar)
Snow chains Should snow chains be necessary, they m ust be mounted on the drive wheels only. Maximum
speed is 30 mph (50 km/h). Always use Porsche - app roved snow chains.

Important hint:
For tires with VR quality standard , there are currently no final standards concerning tire strength at speeds above 210 km/h. For this r eason,
only use tire makes and types tested by Porsche.
If you intend to use other than original equipment wheels, be sure that they conform to Porsche specif ications for your model. Check with your
Porsche dealer regarding the correct wheel specific ations for type and model year.

113

Dimensions

Length
Width
Height
Wheel base
Wheel track, front
Wheel track, rear
Ground clearance*
Tuning circle (curb to curb)
Tuning circle (wall to wall)
Overhang angle, front*
Overhang angle, rear*
944 / 944 S
168.90 in. / 4290 mm 68.31 in. / 1735 mm
50.20 in. / 1275 mm
94.49 in. / 2400 mm
58.15 in. / 1477 mm
57.13 in. / 1451 mm
4.72 in. / 120 mm
31.17 ft. / 9.5 m
33.80 ft./ 10.3 m
14°
15°
944 Turbo
168.90 in. / 4290 mm
68.31 in. / 1735 mm
50.20 in. / 1275 mm
94.49 in. / 2400 mm
58.15 in. / 1477 mm
57.13 in. / 1451 mm
4.72 in. / 120 mm
31.17 ft. / 9.5 m
33.80 ft./ 10.3 m
12,5°
15°

Weights

Curb weight
Maximum load capacity
Total permissible weight
Maximum axle load, front**
Maximum axle load, rear**
Permissible rack load**/***

944
2778 Ibs. / 1260kg
661 Ibs. / 300 kg
3439 Ibs. / 1560kg
1587 Ibs. / 720kg
1984 Ibs. / 900kg
165 Ibs. / 75kg 944 S
2866 Ibs. / 1300 kg
661 Ibs. / 300 kg
3527 Ibs. / 1600 kg
1609 Ibs. / 730kg
1984 Ibs. / 900 kg
165 Ibs. / 75kg 944 Turbo 2998 Ibs. / 1360 kg650 Ibs. / 285 kg 3626 Ibs. / 1645 kg1675 Ibs./ 760kg
2028 Ibs. / 920 kg 165 Ibs. / 75kg

* At total permissible weight. ** Do not exceed tot al permissible weight.
*** Applies only if the basic rack of the original Porsche Roof Transport System is used. If old type Porsche ski and luggage racks are used the
permissible roof weight is 35 kg (77 Ibs.).
The vehicle capacity weight (max. load), the Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) and the Gross Axle Wei ght Ratings (GAWR) for front and
rear, are listed on the sticker on the left upper s ide member in the engine compartment.
The gross vehicle weight rating includes the weight of the basic vehicle plus full tank, oil and coolant, plus max. load which combines passenger
(150 pounds / 68 kg per designated position) and lu ggage weight. Luggage weight is not increased by th e use of roof, ski or luggage racks,
unless passenger capacity is reducted accordingly.

114

Wheel Alignment
Wheel camber*
Toe-in*
Toe angle difference*
Caster*
* at DIN curb weight Front
Rear
Front
Rear
-20' ± 15',
maximum difference left to right 20'
-1° ± 20', maximum difference left to right 30'
+ 10' ±5'
0° ± 10', maximum difference left to right 20' at 20° to left and right -1° ± 20'
2,5° + 30' - 15'

Brake System
Hydraulic dual circuit brake system with
front/rear brake circuits
internally ventilated disc brakes front and rearBrake power assist
Parking brake acting on rear wheels

Chassis, Suspension
Unitized construction
Front suspension
Rear suspension
Shock absorbers
Stabilizers
Independent coil/shock absorber struts, positive ki
ng-pin offset
Independent - diagonal arm, one torsion bar each
Double acting hydraulic shock absorbers, front and rear
Diameter - front: 20 mm (optional 21,5), Turbo: 22. 5 mm or 24 x 3.7 mm
rear: 14 mm or 20 mm (optional), Turbo: 18 mm
115

Performance*

Maximum speed
Acceleration 0-60 mph Time at end 1/4 mile*
Time at end 1/4 mile*
Manual transmission944
131 mph (210 km/h) 8.3 seconds
16.2 seconds
30.1 seconds
944 S

142 mph (228 km/h)
7.7 seconds
15.4 seconds
27.8 seconds
944 Turbo

152 mph (245 km/h)
6.1 seconds
14.4 seconds
26.0 seconds
Automatic transmission944
131 mph (210 km/h)
9.8 seconds
17.2 seconds
17.2 seconds

* At curb weight and half-load capacity, excluding optional equipment and accessories.

Climbing Performance

1st gear
2nd gear
3rd gear
4th gear
5th gear
Manual transmission944
approx. 61%
approx. 33%
approx. 21%
approx. 14%
approx. 8%
944 S

approx. 62% approx. 36%
approx. 22%
approx. 14%
approx. 9%
944 Turbo

approx. 62%
approx. 49%
approx. 30%
approx. 20%
approx. 14%
Automatic transmission944
approx. 36%
approx. 18%
approx. 10%

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Full-power Curves 944 Acceleration Curve Manual gearbox 944



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