engine AUDI Q5 2018 Workshop Manual
[x] Cancel search | Manufacturer: AUDI, Model Year: 2018, Model line: Q5, Model: AUDI Q5 2018Pages: 392, PDF Size: 60.56 MB
Page 176 of 392

Tele phone
Telephone
Introduction
Applies to: vehicles with telephone
To make phone coils in your vehicle using the
/11/111, connect your cell phone to the /11/111 via
Bluetooth.
Hand sfree
After you have connected your ce ll phone to the
MMI via B luetooth, you can use the handsfree
system and operate telephone functions through
your
MMI. You can make calls using the antenna
on your cell phone.
A WARNING
-Medical experts warn that cell phones can
interfere w ith the funct ion of pacemakers .
Always mainta in a m inimum d istance of
about 8 inches (20 cm) between the ce ll
phone antenna and the pacemaker.
-Do not carry the cell phone in a pocket di
rectly over the pacemaker when the phone
is switched on.
-Sw itch the cell phone off immediately if
you suspect it may be interfering w ith the
pacemaker.
-Do not use the vo ice recognit ion system*
<=) page 167 in emergencies because your
vo ice may change in stressful situations. It
may take longer to dial the number or the
system may not be able to dia l it at all. Dial
the emergency n umbe r manua lly.
-Switch your cell phone off in areas where
there is a ris k of an exp losion . These loca
tions are not always clearly mar ked. This
may include gas stations, fuel and chemical
storage facilities or transport vehicles, o r lo
cations where fue l vapors (such as propane
or gaso line vapor in vehicles or bui ldings),
chemicals or large quantities of dust parti
cles (such as flour, sawdust or metal) may
be present in the air . This also applies to all
other locations where you would normally
turn your vehicle engine off .
-The demands of traffic requ ire your full at
tent io n. Always read the chapter
Q page 147, Traffic safety information.
174
-
@ Note
Always fo llow the information found in Q @ in
Wi -Fi hotspot on page 194.
(D Tips
-Th e Bluetooth connect ion range is limited
to inside the vehicle. It can also be affected by local conditions and interference with
other devices .
-To learn which Bluetooth connections and
wh ich of the funct ions in your ce ll phone are
supported, check with your cell phone serv
ice provider or the database for mob ile devi
ces at www .aud iusa .com/bluetooth.
Setup
Connecting a cell phone using Bluetooth
Applies to: vehicles with telephone
Fig . 172 D isp layin g the PIN for enter ing in t he cell phone
R equi rem ent
The vehicle must be stationary and the ignition
must be switched on.
The Bl uetooth settings m ust be open on your cell
phone during the connection setup.
The Bluetooth funct io n and v is ib il ity of the
MMI
Q page 248 and cell phone must be sw itched on.
The cell phone to be connected must not be con nected to any other Bluetooth device .
The
MMI mus t not be connected to a cell phone.
Conn ecting a c ell phon e
.. Select: IMENU I button> Telephone > Connect
mobile de vice > Find new de vic es > Next.
The
avai lab le Bluetooth devices are shown in the In-
fotainment system display.
Or select: ! MENUI 1111-
Page 236 of 392

Media
-Do not use any additional USB extension ca
bles or adapters to connect mobile devices
to the USB charging port that have already
been connected by a USB adapter. They may
impair the functionality.
- USB hubs are not supported.
- Refer to the manufacturer's operating man-
ual for important information regarding the
operation of your mobile device.
- Correct funct ion of all mobile devices can
not be guaranteed .
- The vehicle batte ry drains when mobile de
vices are turned on but the engine is off .
Rear Seat Entertainment preparation
Applies to: ve hicles with Rea r Seat E nte rtainment preparation
The Rear Seat Entertainment preparation in
cludes cables and a mount for Audi Entertain
ment mobile in the driver's and front passenger's
seat backrests.
The suitab le Audi Entertainment mobile Rear
Seat Entertainment package is available through
Audi Genuine Accessories.
Using Audi Genuine Accessories is recommended.
Audi has established their rel iability, safety and
suitability.
We cannot eval uate or endo rse other products in
this way, even if the product is approved by a cer
tified testing agency or government agency .
(D Note
Only use devices that are approved for the
Rear Seat Entertainment preparation. Unap
proved devices may cause damage to the vehi
cle e lectronics.
@ Tips
- Contact an authorized Audi dealer or au
thorized Audi Service Facility for additional
information about
Audi Entertainment mo
bile.
- Always read the chapter ~ page 371.
-The Rear Seat Entertainment preparation is
not intended to charge external electron ic
devices.
234
Playing media
Accessing media
You can start and operate various media
through the
MMI control panel .
Fig. 210 Diag ram: possible sources in t he Me dia menu
Fig. 211 Diagra m: possible sources in t he Med ia me nu
Requireme nt: a media source must contain au
dio/video*
files ¢ page 226.
.,. Press the I MEDIA i button . Press the left control
button unti l the sources overview is displayed .
.,. Select and confirm the desired source. Or:
press the !MEDIA ! button repeatedly until the
desired source is selected.
Depending on the vehicle equipment, the follow
i ng sources may be displayed in the
Media menu:
(D Jukebox* ... .. .. .. .. ........ .
@ DVD/CD drive* ... .. ... ..... .. .
@ SD card reader .. .. ..... ..... .
@ Audi music interface* ......... .
such as an iPhone, USB stick
® External audio player ......... .
®
(j)
®
such as an MP3 player connected to
the AUX input
Bluetooth audio player*
Wi-Fi audio player* .. ........ .
Online media*
and Internet radio*
227
226,227
226
232
232
228
229
230
..,_
Page 312 of 392

Checking and Filling
Checking and Filling Fuel
Gasoline grade
A pp lies to: ve hicles w ith gasoline engines
The correct gasoline grade is stated on the inside
of the fuel filler door .
The vehicle is equipped with a catalytic converter
and must only be driven with
unleaded gasoline .
Audi recommends using TOP TIER Detergent Gas
oline. Additional information on TOP TIER Deter
gent Gasoline can be found on the official web
site (www .toptiergas.com).
The individual gasoline grades are differentiated
by
octane ratings. This value is given with (R +M)/
2 equating to AKI or in RON.
The following headings match the corresponding
sticker in the fuel filler door .
UNLEADED FUEL ONLY MIN. (R+M)/2 87
Regular/ MIN. RON 91 Regular
Use regular gasoline with minimum 87 AKI/
91 RON
i::>@ .
The max imum eng ine power is only reached if
p rem ium gasol ine 91 AKI/ 95 RON is used.
UNLEADED FUEL ONLY PREMIUM MIN. (R
+M)/2 91 / SUPER MIN. RON 95
Using premium gaso line with minimum 91 AKI/
95 RON is recommended.
If premium gasoline is not available, you can also use regular gasoline 87 AKI/ 91 RON . However
this does reduce th e engine powe r slight ly.
0 Note
- Fillin g the tank just one time with leaded
fuel or other metallic additives will cause
permanent deter iorat ion to the catalytic
converter function.
- When gasoline with an octane rat ing that is
too low is used , h igh speeds or heavy engine
load can lead to engine damage.
310
(D Tips
The vehicle may be filled with fuel that has a
h igher octane rating than what is required by
the eng ine.
Blended gasoline
App lies to : vehicles wi th gaso line e ngi ne
Use of gasoline containing alcohol or MTBE
(methyl tertiary butyl ether)
You may use unleaded gasoline blended with al
cohol or MTBE (commonly referred to as oxygen
ates) if the blended mixture meets the following
criteria:
Blend of gasoline methanol (wood alcohol or
methyl alcohol)
- Anti-knock index must be 87 AKI or h igher.
- Blend must contain no more than
3% metha-
nol.
- Blend must contain more than
2% co-solvents.
Blend of gasoline and ethanol (grain alcohol or
ethyl alcohol)
-Anti-knock index must be 87 AK I or h igher.
- Blend must not conta in more than 15% etha-
nol.
Blend of gasoline and MTBE
- Anti -knock index must be 87 AKI or higher.
- Blend must not contain more than 15% MTBE.
Seasonally adjusted gasoline
Many gasoline grades are blended to perform es
pecially well for winter or summer dr iv ing . Dur
i ng seasonal change-over, we suggest that you
fill up at busy gas stat ions where the seasonal
adjustment is more lik ely to be made in t ime.
@ Note
- Methanol fuels which do not meet these re
quirements may cause corrosion and dam
age to plastic and rubber components in the
fuel system.
- Do not u se fue ls that fail to meet the speci-
fied criteria in this chapter.
...
Page 313 of 392

u co ..... N r-N .....
~ 0 co
-If you are unable to determine whether or
not a particular fuel blend meets the speci
fications, ask your service station or its fuel
supplier.
- Do not use fuel for which the contents can
not be identified.
- Fuel system damage and performance prob
lems resulting from the use of fuels differ
ent from those specified are not the respon
sibility of Audi and are not covered under
the New Vehicle or the Emission Control
System Warranties .
- If you experience a loss of fuel economy or
driveability and performance problems due
to the use of one of these fuel blends, we
recommend that you switch to unblended
fuel.
Gasoline additives
A major concern among many auto manufactur
ers is carbon deposit build-up caused by the type
of gasoline you use.
Although gasoline grades differ from one manu
facturer to another, they have certain things in
common. All gasoline grades contain substances
that can cause deposits to collect on vital engine
parts, such as fuel injectors and intake valves.
Al
though most gasoline brands include additives to keep engine and fuel systems clean, they are not
equally effective .
Audi recommends using TOP TIER Detergent Gas
oline. For more information on TOP TIER Deter
gent Gasoline, please go to the official website
(www.toptiergas .com) .
After an extended period of using inadequate
fuels, carbon deposit build-ups can rob your
en
gine of peak performance.
(D Note
Damage or malfunction due to poor fuel qual
ity is not covered by the Audi New Vehicle
Limited Warranty.
Checking and Filling
Refueling
Fueling procedure
Fig. 253 Right rear s ide o f th e ve hicle : ope ning the fuel
filler door
Fig. 254 Fuel filler door with attached fue l cap
The fuel filler door is unlocked or locked by the
central locking system.
"' Press on the left side of the fuel filler door to
open
r::::>fig. 253.
"' Unscrew the tank cap counterclockwise.
"'Place the cap from above on the open fuel filler
door
r::::> fig. 254.
"'Insert the fuel pump nozzle all the way into the
fuel filler neck.
.,. Begin fueling. Once the fuel pump nozzle turns
off the first time, the fuel tank is full. Do not
continue fueling, or else the expansion space in
the tank will be filled with fuel.
"'After the fuel pump has switched off, wait five
seconds before removing it to allow the rest of
the fuel to finish dripping into the fuel tank.
"'Turn the fuel cap clockwise until you hear it
lock.
"' Close the fuel filler door and then press on the
left side until it latches .
The correct fuel type for your vehicle can be
found on a label located on the inside of the fuel
Iii>
311
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u co ..... N r-N .....
~ 0 co
Fuel filler door emergency release
If the central locking system is faulty, the fuel filler door can be unlocked manually.
Fig . 255 Right side trim j)anel in the luggage compart
ment: opening the trim panel
Fig. 256 Luggage compartment: fuel filler door emergency
release
The emergency opening mechanism is located
behind the right side trim panel in the luggage
compartme nt.
.,. Open the cover in the side pane l¢ fig. 255.
.,. Loosen the loop from the retainer and then pull
on the loop
carefully¢ fig . 256 ¢ Q) . The filler
door is released .
.,. Press on the left side of the fuel filler door to
open it
¢page 311, fig. 253.
(D Note
On ly pull on the loop until you feel resistance.
You will not hear it release. Otherwise you could damage the emergency release mecha
nism.
Chec king and Filling
Emissions control
system
Cat alytic con verter
The vehicle may only be driven with unleaded
gasoline, otherwise the catalytic converter will be
destroyed.
Never drive until the tank is completely empty .
The irregu lar supply of fuel that results from that
can cause engine misfires. Uncombusted fuel will
enter the exhaust system, which can cause over
heating and damage to the catalytic converter .
A WARNING
The temperature of the exhaust system is
hi gh, both when driv ing and after stopping
the eng ine.
-
- Never touch the exhaust tail pipes once they
have be come hot. This cou ld resu lt in burns.
- Do not park your veh icle over flammable
mate ria ls such as grass or leaves because
the high temperature of the emissions con
trol system could start a fire.
- Do not app ly unde rbody protectant in the
exhaust sys tem area, beca use this increases
the risk of f ire.
On Board Diagnostic
System (OBD)
The On-Board Diagnostic System monitors the
engine and transmission components that influ
ence emissions .
Fig. 257 Footwell on left s ide of th e veh icle: conn ect io n
port fo r the O n-Board D iagnost ic System (08D)
313
Page 316 of 392

Check ing and F illing
On -Board Diagnostic S yst em
Eng ine data can be read out at the On-Board D i
agnostic System connection po rt using a special
testing device
¢ fig. 257 .
Indicator light
Ift hP ¢..ifi indicato r light b lin ks o r tu rns o n, there
is a malfunction that is caus ing poor emiss ions
qua lity and that could damage the catalytic con
verter.
Dr ive s low ly to an author ized Audi dealer or au
thor ized Audi Se rvice Fac il ity to have the ma l
f u nction co rrected.
The indicator l ight can also turn on if the fuel fi ll
er cap is not closed correct ly
9 page 311.
_& WARNING
Incorrect use of the connection po rt fo r th e
On-Board Diagnostic Sys tem can ca use mal
functions, which can then result in accidents
and serious injuries.
- Only allow an authorized Audi dealer or au
thorized Audi Service Facility to read out the
engine data .
Engine compartment
Working in the engine compartment
Special care is required if you are working in the
engine compartment
-
Fo r w ork in th e engi ne comp artm ent su ch as
c heck ing and filli ng flu id s, the re is a risk of in
jur y, scalding , ac cident s, and b urns . Fo r this
r easo n, follow all th e warning s and g enera l
sa fe ty preca ution s pro vided in the foll owin g in
f o rm ation . Th e e ng ine comp artmen t is a d an
ger ous ar ea .
9 &, .
_& WARNING
- T urn the eng ine off.
- Switch the ig nition off.
- Set the parking brake .
- Select the "P" selector lever pos it io n.
- let the engine coo l down.
314
- Never open the hood when there is steam or
coo lant escaping from the engine compart
ment, because there is a risk that you could
be burned . Wait unt il no steam or coolant is
escaping.
- Keep children away from the eng ine com
partment .
- Never sp ill fluids on a hot engine . These flu
ids (such as the anti-freezing agent con
tained in the coolant) can ignite .
- Avoid short c ircuits in the electrical system.
- When working in the engine compartment, remember that the radiator fan can switch
on even if the ignition is switched off, wh ich
increases the r isk of injury .
- Never open the cap on the coolant expan
sion tank when the engine is warm . The
cool ing system is under pressure .
- To protect your face, hands, and arms from
hot steam or coolant, cover the cap w ith a
large cloth when open ing.
- Do not remove the engine cover under any
circumstances . This increases the risk of
burns .
- If tests need to be performed with the en
gine runni ng, there is add itiona l danger due
to mov ing components (such as the r ibbed
be lt, alte rnato r and rad iato r fan) and from
the hig h-voltage ignition system.
- Do not unde r any ci rcumstances activate the
throttle inadvertent ly (for example, by hand
from the engine compartment) if the veh i
cle is stationary but the engine is running
and a gear is engaged. Otherwise, the vehi
cle will start to move immediate ly and this
could result in an acc ident.
- Pay attention to the following warnings
when work on the fue l system is required:
- Do not smoke.
- Never work near open flames .
- Always have a working fire extinguisher
nearby.
- All work on the battery or electrical system in your vehicle can result in injuries, chemi
cal burns, acc idents or burns . Because of
this, all work must be performed
only by an
author ized Audi dealer or author ized Audi
Serv ice Faci lity.
Page 317 of 392

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-To reduce the risk of electric shock and in
jury, never touch the following components
when the engine is running or is being start
ed :
- Ignition cable
- Other components in the electronic high-
voltage ignition system
- If you must check or perform work on the
engine while it is running:
- Set the parking brake first and then select
the
"P" selector lever position .
- Always proceed with extreme caution so
that clothing, jewelry or long hair do not
become caught in the radiator fan, fan
belt or other moving components or do
not come into contact with hot compo nents. Tie back long hair before beginning
work and do not wear cloth ing that can
hang down into the engine.
- Limit your exposure to exhaust and chemi
cals to as short a time as possible
c::> & .
..&, WARNING
California Proposition 65 Warning:
- Engine exhaust, some of its constituents,
and certain vehicle components contain or
emit chemicals known to the State of Cali
fornia to cause cancer and birth defects and
reproductive harm. In addition, certain flu
ids contained in vehicles and certain prod
ucts of component wear contain or emit
chemicals known to the State of California
to cause cancer and birth defects or other
reproductive harm.
- Battery posts, terminals and related acces
sories contain lead and lead compounds, chemicals known to the State of California
to cause cancer and reproductive harms.
Wash hands after handling.
(D Note
When filling fluids, be sure not to mix the flu
ids up . Otherwise severe malfunctions and en
gine damage will occur.
Checking and Filling
@) For the sake of the environment
You should regularly check the ground under
your vehicle in order to detect leaks quickly.
If
there are visible spots from oil or other fluids,
bring your vehicle to an authorized Audi deal
er or authorized Audi Service Facility to be
checked .
Opening/closing the hood
The hood is released from inside the vehicle .
Fig. 258 Driver footwell : relea se lever
Fig. 259 Unlocked hood: lever
Make sure the wiper arms are not raised up from
the windshield . Otherwise the paint could be
damaged.
Opening the hood
.,. With the driver 's door open, pull the lever be
low the instrument panel in the direction of the
arrow
c::, fig. 258.
.,. Raise the hood slightly c::> &.-
.. Press the lever c::, fig. 259 in the direction of the
arrow. This releases the hooks .
.,. Open the hood. ..,.
315
Page 318 of 392

Checking and Filling
Cl osing the ho od
~ Push the hood down until you overr ide the
force of t he struts .
~ Let the hood fall light ly into the latch. Do not
press it in.
c::> &_ .
A WARNING
-Never open the hood when there is steam or
coolant escaping from the engine compart
ment, because there is a risk that you could
be burned. Wait until no steam or coolant is
escaping.
Engine compartment overview
The most important check points .
-For safety reasons, the hood must always be
latched securely while dr iving. Because of
this, always check the hood after closing it
to make sure it is latched correctly . The
hood is latched if the front corners cannot
be lifted .
-If you notice that the hood is not latched
while you are driving, stop immed iate ly and
close it, because d riving when the hood is
not latched increases the r is k of an accident.
-If the hood is not latched comp letely, it
could f ly up wh ile you are driving and ob
s t ruc t your vis ion.
F ig . 260 Typical location of the rese rvoir and the engine o il fil le r open ing
@ Washer fluid rese rvoir (W) c::> page 323
@ J ump start po int(+) under a cover,(-) w ith
hex head screw
c::> page 323 c::> page 363
® Eng ine oi l filler openi ng (9:=r.) c::> page 317
@ Eng ine oi l label * w ith VW st andard
c;, page 317
® Coolant expans ion tank (-L) c::> page 320
316
@ B rake fl uid reservo ir (Oi) c::>pag e 321
The location of the eng ine o il filling open ing ®
and the coolant expansion tank ®
c::> fig. 260
may differ depending on the eng ine version .
Iii>
Page 319 of 392

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A WARNING
Read and follow all WARNINGS before check
ing anything in the eng ine compartment
9poge 314.
Engine oil
If the engine oil level is too low
If you need to add engine oil, use an oil that is
listed on the sticker.
The sticker is located at the
front of the engine compartment
9 poge 316,
fig. 260.
I f the recommended engine oil is not available,
in an emergency you may add a maximum of 1
quart
Cl liter) of ACEA C3 or API SN engine oil
one time until the next oil change.
F or more information on the correct engine oil
for your ve hicle, contact an authorized Audi dea l
er or authorized Audi Service Facility. Have the oil
changed by an authorized Audi dealer or author ized Service Fac ility.
Audi recommends
~cas jjjjfl /[email protected] Fr,w.::«:J.o,-JAl.
Audi recommends using the Long Life high
performance engine oil from Audi Genuine
Parts.
Checking the engine oil level
The engine oil level con be checked in the Info
tainment system
Observe the safety precautions c::> & in Working
in the engine comportment on page 314.
~ Park your vehicle on a level surface.
~ S hu t the engine off when it is warm.
~ Switch only the ignition back on.
~ Wait approx imately two minutes.
~ Select in the Infotainment system: the I MENU I
button > Vehicle > left control button > Service
& checks
> Oil level.
~ Read the oi l level in the display. Add engine oil
if the bar in the oil leve l indicator is just before
"min"
c::> page 318.
Checking and Filling
@ Note
The engine oi l level must not be under the
"min" marking, as th is w ill increase the risk of
engine damage.
(D Tips
The oil leve l indicator in the display is only an
informational display.
If the oil leve l is too
l ow, a min imum oil warning appears in the in
strument cluster. Add oil and close the hood.
The current oil level is displayed in the Info
tainment system the next time the ignition is
switched on .
(D Tips
The engine oil consumption may be up to
0.5 quart/600 miles (0.5 liter/1,000 km), de
pending on driv ing sty le and operat ing cond i
tions. Consumption may be higher dur ing the
first 3,000 miles (5,000 km). Because of this,
the engine o il level must be checked regular
l y . It is best to check each time you refuel
your vehicle and before long drives.
- In order to provide effective lubrication and
cooling of internal engine components, a ll
internal combustion engines consume acer
tain amount of oil. Oil consumption varies
from engine to engine and may change sig
nifica ntly over the life of the engine. Typ i
cally, eng ines with a specified break-in peri
od consume more oil during the break-in pe
r iod than they consume after oil cons ump
t ion has stabilized.
- Under normal conditions, the rate of oil
consumption depends on the quality and
viscos ity of the oil, the RPM (revo lutions per
min ute) at which the engine is operated, the
ambient temperature and road conditions.
Further factors are the amount of oil dilu
tion from water condensation or fue l resi
due and the oxidation level of the oil. As any
eng ine is subject to wear as m ileage builds
up, the oil consumption may increase over
time until replacement of worn components
may become necessary.
.,..
317
Page 320 of 392

Checking and Filling
-With all these variables coming into play,
no standard rate of o il consumption can be
established or specified. There is no alterna
tive to checking the oil level regularly and
frequently.
- If you have the impression your engine con
sumes excessive amounts of oil, we recom
mend that you consult an authorized Audi
dealer to have the cause of your concern properly diagnosed . Keep in mind that the
accurate measurement of oil consumption
requires great care and may take some
time. An authorized Audi dealer has instruc
tions about how to measure oil consump
tion accurately.
- You can find information on engine oil and
engine oil capacities for the USA at
www.audiusa.com/help/maintenance, or
for Canada at www.audi.ca/ca/web/en/
customer-area/ care-a nd-maintena nee/ aud
i
service-schedules. html , or call
800 -822-2834.
Adding engine oil
Fig. 261 Engine co mpartment : en gin e oil fille r opening
c ove r
0 N
-N ,.:
gi
Observe the safety precautions c::, &. in Working
in the engine compartment on page 314.
"Turn the engine off.
" Open the hood c::, page 315.
" Unscrew the cap 't=?1 for the engine oil filler
opening
c::, fig. 261.
,.. Carefully add O.S quart (0 .5 liter) of the correct
oil
c::, page 317.
,.. Close the engine oil filler opening cap.
,.. Close the hood.
318
,.. Restart the ignition after two minutes and read
the current oil level in the Infota inment system
c::, page 317, Checking the engine oil level.
"Add more oil if necessary.
A WARNING
- When adding oil, do not let oil drip onto hot
engine components . This increases the risk
of afire.
- You must seal the cap on the oil filler open
ing correctly so that oil does not leak out
onto the hot engine and exhaust system
when the engine is running, because this is
a fire hazard.
-Always clean skin thoroughly if it comes into
contact with engine oil.
- Engine oil is poisonous and must be kept
out of reach of children.
- Store the engine oil securely in the original
container.
(D Note
- If the message II Please reduce oil level
appears, there is too much oil in the engine
and there is a risk of catalytic converter and
engine damage. Do not start the engine.
Contact an authorized Audi dealer or au
thorized Audi Service Facility to have excess
engine oil extracted if necessary.
- Your Limited New Vehicle Warranty does
not cover damage or malfunctions due to
failure to follow recommended mainte
nance and use requirements as set forth in
the Audi Owner's Manual and Warranty &
Maintenance booklet.
- Use only a high quality engine oil that ex
pressly complies with the Audi oil quality
standard specified for your vehicle's engine. Using any other oil can cause serious engine
damage .
- Do not mix any additional lubricants into
the engine oil. Damage caused by such addi
tives is not covered by the warranty .
@ For the sake of the environment
-Oil should never enter the sewer system or
come into contact with the ground .