ECO mode FORD FIESTA 1989 Service Owner's Guide

1 General information andprecautions
General information
The fuel system consists of a fuel tank
(mounted under the body, beneath the rear
seats), fuel hoses, an electric fuel pump
mounted in the fuel tank, and a central fuel
injection (CFi) system. Fuel is supplied from the tank by an integral
electric fuel pump (and combined fuel gauge
sender unit). The fuel is passed through an in-
line filter within the engine compartment, then
to the fuel injection unit. The fuel is maintained
at the required operating pressure by a
pressure regulator unit. The CFi unit itself is a relatively simple
device when compared with a conventional
carburettor. Fuel is injected by a single
solenoid valve (fuel injector) which is mounted
centrally on top of the unit. It is this feature
which gives the system CFi (or Central Fuel
injection) its name (see illustration).The injector is energised by an electrical
signal sent from the EEC IV engine
management module. When energised, the
injector pintle is lifted from its seat, and
atomised fuel is delivered into the inlet
manifold under pressure. The electrical
signals take two forms of current - a high
current to open the injector, and a low current
to hold it open for the duration required. At
idle speed, the injector is pulsed at every
other inlet stroke, rather than with every
stroke as during normal operation.
The air-to-fuel mixture ratio is regulated by
the EEC IV module, based on inputs from the
various engine sensors. No adjustments to
the fuel mixture are possible.
The throttle plate control motor (mounted
on the side of the CFi unit) regulates the idle
speed by reacting to the signals sent by the
EEC IV module. The signals are calculated by
the values and information provided from the
engine sensors. When the throttle position
sensor indicates that the throttle is closed, the
module enters the idle speed mode or
dashpot mode (according to engine speed).
The module maintains the idle speed at a constant value, making minor adjustments as
necessary for different loads and conditions.
The base idle speed can only be adjusted by a
dealer or fuel injection specialist with the
necessary equipment to link up to the engine
management module.
To prevent the engine from running on (or
dieseling) when it is switched off, the EEC IV
module sends a signal to the throttle plate
control motor, to fully close the throttle plate
and return it to its preset position ready for
restarting. When the ignition is switched on
to restart the engine, the motor repositions
the throttle plate to the position required
according to the prevailing conditions. The EEC IV module is the heart of the entire
engine management system, controlling the
fuel injection, ignition and emissions control
systems. The module receives information
from various sensors to determine engine
temperature, speed and load, and the
quantity of air entering the engine. The
sensors also inform the module of throttle
position, inlet air temperature and exhaust gas
oxygen content. All the information supplied
to the module is computed and compared
with pre-set values stored in it’s memory, to
determine the required period of injection. Information on crankshaft position and
engine speed is generated by the distributor
on pre-1990 CVH engine models, or by a
crankshaft position sensor on all other
models. The inductive head of the crankshaft
position sensor runs just above the engine
flywheel and scans a series of 36 protrusions
on the flywheel periphery. As the crankshaft
rotates, the sensor transmits a pulse to the
system’s ignition module every time a
protrusion passes it. There is one missing
protrusion in the flywheel periphery at a point
corresponding to 90º BTDC. The ignition
module recognises the absence of a pulse
from the crankshaft position sensor at this
point to establish a reference mark for
crankshaft position. Similarly, the time interval
between absent pulses is used to determine
engine speed. This information is then fed to
the EEC IV module for further processing. Engine temperature information is supplied
by the coolant temperature sensor. This
component is an NTC (Negative Temperature
Coefficient) thermistor - that is, a semi-
conductor whose electrical resistance
decreases as its temperature increases. It
provides the EEC IV module with a constantly-
varying (analogue) voltage signal,
corresponding to the temperature of the
engine coolant. This is used to refine the
calculations made by the module, when
determining the correct amount of fuel
required to achieve the ideal air/fuel mixture
ratio. Inlet air temperature information is supplied
by the inlet air temperature sensor. This
component is also an NTC thermistor - see
the previous paragraph - providing the EEC IV
module with a signal corresponding to the
temperature of air passing into the engine.
4B•2 Fuel system - central fuel injection engines
1.3 Exploded view of the CFi unit
1 Fuel injector assembly
2 Fuel pressure regulator
assembly 3 Fuel feed connector
4 Intake air temperature
sensor 5 Throttle-plate control
motor
6 Throttle position sensor
7 Fuel injector wiring
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4 Air cleaner assembly and airinlet components -
removal and refitting
1
Note: Air cleaner element renewal and air
cleaner temperature control system checks
(where applicable) are described in Chapter 1.
Air cleaner assembly
1 Disconnect the battery negative (earth) lead
(refer to Chapter 5A, Section 1).
2 Undo the retaining bolts and partially lift the
air cleaner from the CFi unit, so that the hose
and wiring connections to the underside of
the air cleaner body are accessible.
3 Note their connections and routings, then
detach the wiring and hoses from the
underside of the air cleaner.
4 Lift the air cleaner clear from the CFi unit.
5 Refit in the reverse order of removal.
6 Renew any hoses that are perished or
cracked, and ensure that all fittings are
securely and correctly reconnected.
Air inlet components
7 The air cleaner inlet spout and related
components are removed with the air cleaner
assembly as described above.
5 Accelerator cable - removal,
refitting and adjustment
1
Removal
1 Disconnect the battery negative (earth) lead
(refer to Chapter 5A, Section 1).
2 Fold back the carpet and insulation in the
driver’s footwell to gain access to the
accelerator pedal.
3 Detach the accelerator cable from the
pedal.
4 Remove the air cleaner assembly as
described in Section 4.
5 Working at the throttle housing end of the
cable, pivot the throttle quadrant by hand to
release the tension from the cable, then
detach the inner cable nipple from the throttle
lever.
6 Detach the outer cable from the
adjuster/support bracket, then remove the
cable.
Refitting and adjustment
7 Refit in the reverse order of removal. When
the cable is reconnected at each end, have an
assistant depress the accelerator, and check
that the throttle fully opens and shuts without
binding. Ensure that there is a small amount of
slack in the inner cable when the throttle is
fully released. If adjustment is required,
release the outer cable retaining clip from the
cable at the adjustment/support bracket, slide
the cable through the adjuster grommet to the
point required, then refit the retaining clip to
secure it in the set position.
6 Accelerator pedal -
removal and refitting
1
Refer to Part A, Section 5.
7 Fuel pump/fuel pressure -
checking
3
Note: Refer to the warning note in Section 1
before proceeding.
Fuel pump operation check
1 Switch on the ignition, and listen for the fuel
pump (the sound of an electric motor running,
audible from beneath the rear seats). Assuming
there is sufficient fuel in the tank, the pump
should start and run for approximately one or
two seconds, then stop, each time the ignition
is switched on. Note:If the pump runs
continuously all the time the ignition is switched
on, the electronic control system is running in
the backup (or “limp-home”) mode referred to
by Ford as “Limited Operation Strategy” (LOS).
This almost certainly indicates a fault in the
EEC IV module itself, and the vehicle should
therefore be taken to a Ford dealer for a full test
of the complete system, using the correct
diagnostic equipment; do not waste time or risk
damaging the components by trying to test the
system without such facilities.
2 Listen for fuel return noises from the fuel
pressure regulator. It should be possible to
feel the fuel pulsing in the regulator and in the
feed hose from the fuel filter.
3 If the pump does not run at all, check the
fuse, relay and wiring (see Chapter 12). Check
also that the fuel cut-off switch has not been
activated and if so, reset it.
Fuel pressure check
4 A fuel pressure gauge will be required for this
check and should be connected in the fuel line
between the fuel filter and the CFi unit, in
accordance with the gauge maker’s instructions.
5 Start the engine and allow it to idle. Note
the gauge reading as soon as the pressure
stabilises, and compare it with the figures
given for regulated fuel pressure in the
Specifications . If the pressure is high, check
for a restricted fuel return line. If the pressure
is low, renew the fuel pressure regulator. 6
Switch off the engine, and check that after
one minute, the hold pressure has not fallen
below that specified. If it has, check the seals
on the fuel injector (see Section 14) and renew
them if they appear in any way suspect. If the
seals are okay, then the fuel pressure
regulator or CFi unit are suspect.
7 Carefully disconnect the fuel pressure
gauge, depressurising the system first as
described in Section 2.
8 Run the engine, and check that there are no
fuel leaks.
8 Fuel tank - removal,
inspection and refitting
3
Proceed as described in Part A, Section 8, but
before disconnecting the battery, relieve the
residual pressure in the fuel system (see Sec-
tion 2), and equalise tank pressure by removing
the fuel filler cap. Note also that it will be
necessary to release any additional ventilation
tubes from their retaining clips, and to reposition
or remove the underbody heat shields on certain
models for access to the tank retaining bolts.
9 Fuel pump/fuel gauge
sender unit - removal and
refitting
3
Note: Refer to the warning note in Section 1
before proceeding. Ford specify the use of their
service tool 23-026 (a large box spanner with
projecting teeth to engage the fuel pump/sender
unit retaining ring’s slots) for this task. While
alternatives are possible, in view of the difficulty
experienced in removing and refitting the
pump/sender unit, it is strongly advised that the
correct tool is obtained before starting work.
Removal
1 A combined fuel pump and fuel gauge
sender unit are located in the top face of the
fuel tank. The combined unit can only be
detached and withdrawn from the tank after
the tank is released and lowered from
under the vehicle. Refer to Section 8 and
remove the fuel tank, then proceed as follows.
2 With the fuel tank removed, the
pump/sender unit can be unscrewed using
the special tool (see illustration) .
3 Withdraw the unit upwards from the tank
(see illustration) , and detach the seal ring.
9.3 Fuel pump (A) and sender unit (B)
4B•4 Fuel system - central fuel injection engines
9.2 Ford Special tool engaged on the fuel
pump/sender unit
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The seal ring must be renewed whenever the
pump/sender unit is withdrawn from the tank.
Refitting
4Refit in the reverse order of removal. Lightly
coat the new unit seal ring with grease to ease
fitting, and ensure that the seal is not
distorted as the unit is fitted into position.
Insert the unit so that the lug of the unit is in
engagement with the slot in the tank aperture,
then turn the unit to lock and secure.
10 Fuel tank ventilation tube -
removal and refitting
3
Refer to Part A, Section 10, but note that on
models with evaporative emission control, the
ventilation tube connects to the combined
roll-over/anti-trickle-fill valve assembly but,
instead of venting to atmosphere, a further
tube runs the length of the vehicle to a carbon
canister in the front right-hand corner of the
engine compartment. Further information on the evaporative
emission control system is contained in Part E
of this Chapter.
11 Fuel tank filler pipe -
removal and refitting
3
Refer to Part A, Section 11.
12 Fuel cut-off switch -
removal and refitting
2
Removal
1 Disconnect the battery negative (earth) lead
(refer to Chapter 5A, Section 1).
2 Remove the left-hand sill scuff plate as
described in Chapter 11, Section 42. 3
Undo the retaining screws and withdraw the
cut-off (inertia) switch and bracket assembly.
As it is withdrawn, disconnect the wiring multi-
plug from the switch (see illustrations).
4 The switch may be separated from the
bracket by removing the two securing screws.
Refitting
5 Reconnect the wiring multi-plug to the
switch, ensuring that it is felt to snap securely
into position.
6 Refit the switch to the bracket then relocate
the bracket, and refit the screw to secure it.
7 Reset the switch by pushing the top button
down, then refit the sill scuff plate.
8 Reconnect the battery and restart the
engine to ensure that the switch has reset.
13 Fuel injection system -
checking
3
Note: Refer to the warning note in Section 1
before proceeding. If a fault appears in the fuel injection
system, first ensure that all the system wiring
connectors are securely connected and free
of corrosion. Ensure that the fault is not due to
poor maintenance; ie, check that the air
cleaner filter element is clean, the spark plugs
are in good condition and correctly gapped,
the valve clearances are correctly adjusted
(where adjustable), the cylinder compression
pressures are correct, the ignition timing is
correct (where adjustable), and that the
engine breather hoses are clear and
undamaged, referring to Chapters 1, 2 and 5
for further information. If these checks fail to reveal the cause of
the problem, the vehicle should be taken to a
suitably-equipped Ford dealer for testing. A
wiring block connector is incorporated in the
engine management circuit, into which a
special electronic diagnostic tester can be
plugged. The tester will locate the fault quickly
and simply, alleviating the need to test all the system components individually, which is a
time-consuming operation that also carries a
risk of damaging the EEC IV engine
management module.
14 Fuel injection system
components -
removal and refitting
3
Note: Refer to the warning note in Section 1
before proceeding.
Fuel injector
1 Relieve the residual pressure in the fuel
system (see Section 2), and equalise tank
pressure by removing the fuel filler cap.
Warning: This procedure will
merely relieve the increased
pressure necessary for the engine
to run - remember that fuel will
still be present in the system components,
and take precautions accordingly before
disconnecting any of them.
2 Disconnect the battery negative (earth) lead
(refer to Chapter 5A, Section 1).
3 Refer to Section 4 and remove the air
cleaner.
4 Release the injector feed wiring multi-plug,
and detach it from the injector (pulling on the
plug - not the wire) (see illustration).
Fuel system - central fuel injection engines 4B•5
12.3b . . . and disconnect the multi-plug as it is withdrawn. Switch
to bracket retaining screws (arrowed)12.3a Remove the screw securing the inertia switch bracket . . .
14.4 Disconnect the multi-plug from the injector
4B
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4C
1595Ford Fiesta Remake
General
System type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\
. . . . . . . . . . Electronic Fuel injection (EFi) with turbocharger on RS Turbo models
Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\
. . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 litre CVH engines
Fuel grade
Fuel octane requirement:Engines without catalytic converter* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 RON unleaded or 97 RON leaded
Engines with catalytic converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 RON unleaded (leaded fuel must notbe used)
*Refer to dealer for latest recommendations
Fuel system data
Idle speed and mixture settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . See Chapter 1
Fuel pump pressure - engine not running . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 bars minimum
Regulated fuel pressure - engine running at idle speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 to 2.5 bars
Hold pressure - engine stopped after two minutes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Not less than 0.8 bars below regulated pressure
Turbocharger
Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Garrett AiResearch T02
Boost pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\
. . . . . . . . 0.47 to 0.51 bars
Chapter 4 Part C:
Fuel system - electronic fuel injection engines
Accelerator cable - removal, refitting and adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Accelerator pedal - removal and refitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Air cleaner assembly and air inlet components - removal and
refitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\
. . . . . . . . . . 4
Air cleaner element renewal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .See Chapter 1
Exhaust system check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .See Chapter 1
Fuel cut-off switch - removal and refitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Fuel filter renewal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \
. . . . .See Chapter 1
Fuel injection system - checking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Fuel injection system components - removal and refitting . . . . . . . . 14
Fuel lines and fittings - general information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Fuel pump/fuel gauge sender unit - removal and refitting . . . . . . . . 9
Fuel pump/fuel pressure - checking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Fuel system - depressurisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Fuel tank - removal, inspection and refitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Fuel tank filler pipe - removal and refitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Fuel tank ventilation tube - removal and refitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
General fuel system checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .See Chapter 1
General information and precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Idle speed and mixture check and adjustment . . . . . . . .See Chapter 1
Idle speed control valve cleaning and maintenance . . . .See Chapter 1
Inlet manifold - removal and refitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Intercooler - removal and refitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Turbocharger - general information and precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Turbocharger - removal, examination and refitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Turbocharger boost control valve - removal and refitting . . . . . . . . . 18
Turbocharger boost pressure - checking and adjustment . . . . . . . . 19
Underbody fuel/brake line check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .See\
Chapter 1
Underbonnet check for fluid leaks and hose condition . .See Chapter 1
4C•1
Specifications Contents
Easy,
suitable for
novice with little
experience Fairly easy,
suitable
for beginner with
some experience Fairly difficult,
suitable for competent
DIY mechanic
Difficult,
suitable for
experienced DIY
mechanic Very difficult,
suitable for expert DIY
or professional
Degrees of difficulty
54321
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Torque wrench settingsNmlbf ft
Idle speed control valve bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 to 5 3 to 4
Fuel pressure regulator bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 to 12 6 to 9
Fuel rail bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\
. . . . . . . . . 20 to 26 15 to 19
Inlet air temperature sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 to 25 15 to 18
Inlet manifold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\
. . . . . . . . . 16 to 20 12 to 15
Oxygen sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\
. . . . . . . . 50 to 70 37 to 52
Intercooler-to-radiator bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 to 6 3 to 5
Boost control valve screws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 to 2.7 1.5 to 2
Exhaust manifold heatshield bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 to 26 16 to 19
Exhaust manifold-to-engine nuts (non-Turbo models) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 to 17 11 to 13
Exhaust manifold-to-engine nuts (Turbo models) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 to 31 21 to 23
Exhaust manifold-to-turbocharger bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 to 28 15 to 21
Turbocharger-to-exhaust downpipe nuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 to 47 26 to 35
Turbocharger cooling pipe banjo union bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 to 29 17 to 22
Turbocharger oil feed and return line couplings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 to 20 11 to 15
4C•2 Fuel system - electronic fuel injection engines
1595Ford Fiesta Remake
1 General information and
precautions
General information
The fuel system consists of a fuel tank
(mounted under the body, beneath the rear
seats), fuel hoses, an electric fuel pump
mounted in the fuel tank, and an electronic
fuel injection system. Fuel is supplied under pressure from the
fuel pump to the fuel distributor rail mounted
on top of the inlet manifold (see illustration).
The fuel rail acts as a pressurised fuel
reservoir for the fuel injectors. The electro-
mechanical injectors have only “on” or “off”
positions, the volume of fuel being injected to meet the engine operating conditions being
determined by the length of time that the
injectors are opened. The volume of fuel
required for one power stroke is determined
by the EEC IV engine management module,
and is divided by two equal amounts. The first
half of the required volume is injected into the
static air ahead of the inlet valve one complete
engine revolution before the inlet valve is due
to open. After one further revolution, the inlet
valve opens and the required fuel volume is
injected into the air flow being drawn into the
cylinder. The fuel will therefore be consistently
injected to two inlet valves simultaneously at a
particular crankshaft position.
The volume of air drawn into the engine is
governed by the air filter unit and other
variable operating factors. These variables are
assessed by the EEC IV module and the corresponding signals are produced to
actuate the injectors accordingly.
The engine base idle speed can be
adjusted (if required), by turning the adjuster
screw (covered by a tamperproof cap) in the
throttle housing. Provision for adjusting the
fuel mixture is made by the mixture screw in
the potentiometer unit mounted on the
bulkhead. An idle speed control valve, itself controlled
by the EEC-IV engine management module,
stabilises the engine idle speed under all
conditions by the opening of an auxiliary air
passage which bypasses the throttle. Apart
from a base-idle speed adjustment, no
adjustments to the operational idle speed can
be made. The EEC IV module is the heart of the entire
engine management system, controlling the
fuel injection, ignition and emissions control
systems. The module receives information
from various sensors to determine engine
temperature, speed and load, and the
quantity of air entering the engine. The
sensors also inform the module of throttle
position, inlet air temperature and, on models
with catalytic converters, exhaust gas oxygen
content. All the information supplied to the
module is computed and compared with
pre-set values stored in it’s memory, to
determine the required period of injection.
Information on crankshaft position and
engine speed is generated by a crankshaft
position sensor. The inductive head of the
sensor runs just above the engine flywheel
and scans a series of 36 protrusions on the
flywheel periphery. As the crankshaft
rotates, the sensor transmits a pulse to the
system’s ignition module every time a
protrusion passes it. There is one missing
protrusion in the flywheel periphery at a point
corresponding to 90° BTDC. The ignition
module recognises the absence of a pulse
from the crankshaft position sensor at this
point to establish a reference mark for
crankshaft position. Similarly, the time interval
between absent pulses is used to determine
engine speed. This information is then fed to
the EEC IV module for further processing.
1.2 General view of the 1.6 litre EFi fuel injection system arrangement\
1 Throttle housing
2 Upper inlet manifold section
3 Wiring loom connector
4 Intake air temperature sensor 5 Wiring harness ducting
6 Fuel rail
7 Lower section of inlet
manifold
8 Cylinder head 9 Fuel injector
10
Fuel pressure regulator
11 Vacuum hose
12 Air inlet duct
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Engine temperature information is supplied
by the coolant temperature sensor. This
component is an NTC (Negative Temperature
Coefficient) thermistor - that is, a semi-
conductor whose electrical resistance
decreases as its temperature increases. It
provides the EEC IV module with a constantly-
varying (analogue) voltage signal, corre-
sponding to the temperature of the engine
coolant. This is used to refine the calculations
made by the module, when determining the
correct amount of fuel required to achieve the
ideal air/fuel mixture ratio. Inlet air temperature information is supplied
by the inlet air temperature sensor. This
component is also an NTC thermistor - see the
previous paragraph - providing the module with
a signal corresponding to the temperature of air
passing into the engine. This is used to refine
the calculations made by the module, when
determining the correct amount of fuel required
to achieve the ideal air/fuel mixture ratio. A throttle position sensor is mounted on the
end of the throttle valve spindle, to provide
the EEC IV module with a constantly-varying
(analogue) voltage signal corresponding to the
throttle opening. This allows the module to
register the driver’s input when determining
the amount of fuel required by the engine. Road speed is monitored by the vehicle
speed sensor. This component is a Hall-effect
generator, mounted on the transmission’s
speedometer drive. It supplies the module with a
series of pulses corresponding to the vehicle’s
road speed, enabling the module to control
features such as the fuel shut-off on overrun. A manifold absolute pressure sensor
measures inlet manifold vacuum, and supplies
this information to the EEC IV module for
calculation of engine load at any given throttle
position. Where power steering is fitted, a pressure-
operated switch is screwed into the power
steering system’s high-pressure pipe. The
switch sends a signal to the EEC IV module to
reduce engine speed should the power steering
fluid pressure become excessively high. On models with a catalytic converter, the
oxygen sensor in the exhaust system provides
the EEC IV module with constant feedback -
“closed-loop” control - which enables it to
adjust the mixture to provide the best possible
conditions for the catalytic converter to operate. On turbocharged engines, control of the
turbocharger boost pressure is also governed
by the EEC IV module, acting through the
boost control valve. This allows inlet manifold
depression to be applied to the turbocharger
wastegate control. The turbocharger consists of a turbine that
is driven by the exhaust gases, to suck air
through the air filter and to compress it into the
engine. An air-cooled intercooler, mounted
next to the radiator, cools the inlet air (heated
by its passage through the turbocharger); this
increases the density of the compressed
fuel/air mixture entering the engine, thus
improving the engine’s power output.Precautions
Warning: Petrol is extremely
flammable - great care must be
taken when working on any part
of the fuel system. Do not
smoke or allow any naked flames or
uncovered light bulbs near the work area.
Note that gas powered domestic
appliances with pilot flames, such as
heaters, boilers and tumble dryers, also
present a fire hazard - bear this in mind if
you are working in an area where such
appliances are present. Always keep a
suitable fire extinguisher close to the work
area and familiarise yourself with its
operation before starting work. Wear eye
protection when working on fuel systems
and wash off any fuel spilt on bare skin
immediately with soap and water. Note
that fuel vapour is just as dangerous as
liquid fuel; a vessel that has just been
emptied of liquid fuel will still contain
vapour and can be potentially explosive.
Petrol is a highly dangerous and volatile
liquid, and the precautions necessary
when handling it cannot be overstressed. Many of the operations described in this
Chapter involve the disconnection of fuel
lines, which may cause an amount of fuel
spillage. Before commencing work, refer
to the above Warning and the information
in “Safety first” at the beginning of this
manual. When working with fuel system
components, pay particular attention to
cleanliness - dirt entering the fuel system
may cause blockages which will lead to
poor running.
Note: Residual pressure will remain in the fuel
lines long after the vehicle was last used,
when disconnecting any fuel line, it will be
necessary to depressurise the fuel system as
described in Section 2 .
Note: Refer to Section 16 for specific
precautions relating to turbocharged engines.
2 Fuel system -
depressurisation
1
Refer to Part B, Section 2.
3 Fuel lines and fittings -
general information
Refer to Part B, Section 3.
4 Air cleaner assembly and air inlet components - removal
and refitting
1
Note: Air cleaner element renewal and air
cleaner temperature control system checks
(where applicable) are described in Chapter 1.
Air cleaner assembly
1 Disconnect the battery negative (earth) lead
(refer to Chapter 5A, Section 1).
2 If the idle speed control valve is mounted
on the air cleaner, disconnect the multi-plug
and the air bypass hose from the valve.
3 Disconnect the flexible hose between the
air cleaner lid and the air inlet duct or
turbocharger air inlet.
4 Disconnect the crankcase breather hose
from the front of the air cleaner housing.
5 Unclip and remove the air cleaner lid, then
withdraw the element.
6 Remove the two bolts securing the forward
end of the air cleaner housing, free the
rearward end of the housing from its location
and carefully withdraw from the vehicle (see
illustration) .
7 Refitting is a reversal of the removal
procedure.
Air inlet components
8 Disconnect the battery negative (earth) lead
(refer to Chapter 5A, Section 1).
9 If the idle speed control valve is mounted
on the air cleaner, disconnect the multi-plug
and the air bypass hose from the valve (see
illustration) .
10 Disconnect the HT leads from the spark
plugs, labelling them if necessary to avoid
confusion on refitting.
Fuel system - electronic fuel injection engines 4C•3
4.9 General view of the air inlet
components on non-Turbo models
A Air inlet duct
B Air inlet duct securing bolts
C Spark plug HT lead connectors
D Air cleaner lid
E Idle speed control valve multi-plug
F Air bypass hose
4.6 Air cleaner housing attachments A Bolts B Grommet
4C
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11On non-Turbo models, disconnect the
flexible hose between the air cleaner lid and
the air inlet duct.
12 On Turbo models, disconnect the idle
speed control valve air bypass hose from the
air inlet duct and the flexible hose between
the air inlet duct and intercooler (see
illustration) .
13 Undo the two retaining bolts, and remove
the air inlet duct from the rocker cover.
14 Refitting is the reverse of the removal
procedure.
5 Accelerator cable - removal,
refitting and adjustment
1
Removal
1 Disconnect the battery negative (earth) lead
(refer to Chapter 5A, Section 1).
2 Remove the air inlet components as
described in Section 4.
3 Fold back the carpet and insulation in the
driver’s footwell to gain access to the
accelerator pedal.
4 Detach the accelerator cable from the
pedal.
5 Working at the throttle housing end of the
cable, pivot the throttle quadrant by hand to
release the tension from the cable, then
detach the inner cable nipple from the throttle
lever (see illustration) .
6 Detach the outer cable from the
adjuster/support bracket, then remove the
cable.
Refitting and adjustment
7 Refit in the reverse order of removal. When
the cable is reconnected at each end, have an assistant depress the accelerator, and check
that the throttle fully opens and shuts without
binding. Ensure that there is a small amount of
slack in the inner cable when the throttle is
fully released. If adjustment is required,
release the outer cable retaining clip from the
cable at the adjustment/support bracket, slide
the cable through the adjuster grommet to the
point required, then refit the retaining clip to
secure it in the set position.
6 Accelerator pedal
-
removal and refitting
1
Refer to Part A, Section 5.
7 Fuel pump/fuel pressure -
checking
3
Note: Refer to the warning note in Section 1
before proceeding.
Fuel pump operation check
1 Switch on the ignition, and listen for the fuel
pump (the sound of an electric motor running,
audible from beneath the rear seats). Assuming
there is sufficient fuel in the tank, the pump
should start and run for approximately one or
two seconds, then stop, each time the ignition
is switched on. Note:If the pump runs
continuously all the time the ignition is switched
on, the electronic control system is running in
the backup (or “limp-home”) mode referred to
by Ford as “Limited Operation Strategy” (LOS).
This almost certainly indicates a fault in the
EEC IV module itself, and the vehicle should
therefore be taken to a Ford dealer for a full test of the complete system, using the correct
diagnostic equipment; do not waste time or risk
damaging the components by trying to test the
system without such facilities.
2
Listen for fuel return noises from the fuel
pressure regulator. It should be possible to
feel the fuel pulsing in the regulator and in the
feed hose from the fuel filter.
3 If the pump does not run at all, check the
fuse, relay and wiring (see Chapter 12). Check
also that the fuel cut-off switch has not been
activated and if so, reset it.
Fuel pressure check
4 A fuel pressure gauge will be required for
this check and should be connected in the
fuel line between the fuel filter and the fuel rail,
in accordance with the gauge maker’s
instructions.
5 Disconnect the wiring from the E-DIS
ignition coil and the fuel injectors.
6 Switch the ignition on and off twice, and
check that the pump pressure is as listed in
the Specifications .
7 If the pressure is not as specified, check the
fuel system for leaks or damage. If the system
appears okay, renew the fuel pump.
8 Reconnect the wiring to the ignition coil and
fuel injectors.
9 If the pump pressure was satisfactory, start
the engine and allow it to idle. Disconnect the
vacuum hose at the fuel pressure regulator,
and plug the hose. Note the gauge reading as
soon as the pressure stabilises, and compare
it with the figures given for regulated fuel
pressure in the Specifications.
10 If the regulated fuel pressure is not as
specified, remove the plug from the top of the
fuel pressure regulator, and using a suitable
Allen key, adjust the pressure regulator as
necessary.
11 Switch off the engine, and check that the
fuel pressure stays at the specified hold
pressure for two minutes after the engine is
turned off.
12 Carefully disconnect the fuel pressure
gauge, depressurising the system first as
described in Section 2. Reconnect the ignition
coil and fuel injector wiring.
13 Run the engine, and check that there are
no fuel leaks.
4C•4 Fuel system - electronic fuel injection engines
5.45 Accelerator cable retention
arrangement at the throttle linkage
4.12 Air intake, turbocharger and intercooler details on Turbo models
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1 Fresh air intake
2 Air cleaner lid
3 Turbocharger
4 Intercooler
5 Air inlet duct
6 Throttle housing
7 Inlet manifold
8 (Hitachi-built) idle
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15 Inlet manifold-
removal and refitting
4
Note: Refer to the warning note in Section 1
before proceeding.
Removal
1 The inlet manifold is a two-piece assembly
comprising an upper and lower section bolted
together (see illustration) .
2 Drain the cooling system with reference to
Chapter 1.
3 Depressurise the fuel system as described
in Section 2.
4 Disconnect the battery negative (earth) lead
(refer to Chapter 5A, Section 1).
5 Remove the air inlet components (Section
4) and disconnect the accelerator cable from
the throttle linkage (Section 5).
6 Remove the fuel injectors and fuel rail as
described in Section 14.
7 Noting their locations, disconnect the
coolant, vacuum and breather hoses from the
manifold.
8 Disconnect the wiring multi-plugs from the
engine sensors at the inlet manifold.
9 Undo the retaining bolts, and withdraw the
manifold from the cylinder head. Note the
location of the engine lifting bracket and earth
lead, where fitted. Remove the gasket.
10 With the manifold removed, clean all
traces of the old gasket from the mating surfaces of the manifold and the cylinder
head.
Refitting
11
Refitting is the reversal of removal. Use a
new gasket, and tighten the retaining bolts to
the specified torque (see illustration).
Refit the remainder of the components with
reference to the appropriate Chapters of this
manual. Refill the cooling system as
described in Chapter 1 on completion.
16 Turbocharger - general
information and precautions
General information
1 A water-cooled turbocharger is used on all
Turbo models covered by this manual. The
turbocharger increases the efficiency of the
engine by raising the pressure in the inlet
manifold above atmospheric pressure.
Instead of the air/fuel mixture being simply
sucked into the cylinders it is actively forced
in.
2 Energy for the operation of the
turbocharger comes from the exhaust gas.
The gas flows through a specially-shaped
housing (the turbine housing) and in so doing
spins the turbine wheel. The turbine wheel is
attached to a shaft, at the other end of which
is another vaned wheel known as the compressor wheel. The compressor wheel
spins in its own housing and compresses the
inducted air on the way to the inlet manifold.
3
After leaving the turbocharger, the
compressed air passes through an
intercooler, which is an air-to-air heat
exchanger mounted with the radiator. Here
the air gives up heat which it acquired when
being compressed. This temperature
reduction improves engine efficiency and
reduces the risk of detonation.
4 Boost pressure (the pressure in the inlet
manifold) is limited by the turbocharger
wastegate control, which diverts the exhaust
gas away from the turbine wheel in response
to the boost control valve. The valve is
controlled by the EEC IV engine management
module.
5 The turbo shaft is pressure-lubricated by
means of a feed pipe from the engine’s main oil
gallery. The shaft “floats” on a cushion of oil. A
drain pipe returns the oil to the sump.
6 Water cooling reduces the operating
temperature of the turbocharger, and in
particular, the shaft bearings. Water continues
to circulate by convection after the engine has
stopped, so cooling the unit if it is hot after a
long run.
Precautions
7 The turbocharger operates at extremely
high speeds and temperatures. Certain
precautions must be observed to avoid
premature failure of the turbo or injury to the
operator. a) Do not operate the turbo with any parts
exposed. Foreign objects falling onto the
rotating vanes could cause extensive
damage and (if ejected) personal injury.
b) Do not race the engine immediately after
start-up, especially if it is cold. Give the oil
a few seconds to circulate.
c) Always allow the engine to return to idle
speed before switching it off - do not blip
the throttle and switch off, as this will
leave the turbo spinning without
lubrication.
d) Allow the engine to idle for several
minutes before switching off after a high-
speed run.
e) Observe the recommended intervals for oil and filter changing, and use a
reputable oil of the specified quality.
Neglect of oil changing, or use of inferior
oil, can cause carbon formation on the
turbo shaft and subsequent failure.
17 Intercooler -
removal and refitting
2
Removal
1 Disconnect the battery negative (earth) lead
(refer to Chapter 5A, Section 1).
2 Remove the flexible hose connecting the
intercooler to the air inlet duct, then the pipe
4C•8 Fuel system - electronic fuel injection engines
15.1 Exploded view of the inlet manifold arrangement
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7 Fuel pump/fuel pressure-
checking
3
Note: Refer to the warning note in Section 1
before proceeding.
Fuel pump operation check
1 Switch on the ignition, and listen for the fuel
pump (the sound of an electric motor running,
audible from beneath the rear seats).
Assuming there is sufficient fuel in the tank,
the pump should start and run for
approximately one or two seconds, then stop,
each time the ignition is switched on. Note:If
the pump runs continuously all the time the
ignition is switched on, the electronic control
system is running in the backup (or “limp-
home”) mode referred to by Ford as “Limited
Operation Strategy” (LOS). This almost
certainly indicates a fault in the EEC IV module
itself, and the vehicle should therefore be
taken to a Ford dealer for a full test of the
complete system, using the correct diagnostic
equipment; do not waste time or risk
damaging the components by trying to test
the system without such facilities.
2 Listen for fuel return noises from the fuel
pressure regulator. It should be possible to
feel the fuel pulsing in the regulator and in the
feed hose from the fuel filter.
3 If the pump does not run at all, check the
fuse, relay and wiring (see Chapter 12). Check
also that the fuel cut-off switch has not been
activated and if so, reset it.
Fuel pressure check
4 A fuel pressure gauge will be required for
this check and should be connected in the
fuel line between the fuel filter and the fuel rail,
in accordance with the gauge maker’s
instructions. On Zetec engines, a pressure
gauge equipped with an adapter to suit the
Schrader-type valve on the fuel rail pressure
test/release fitting (identifiable by its blue
plastic cap, and located on the union of the
fuel feed line and the fuel rail) will be required.
If the Ford special tool 29-033 is available, the
tool can be attached to the valve, and a
conventional-type pressure gauge attached to
the tool.
5 If using the service tool, ensure that its tap
is turned fully anti-clockwise, then attach it to
the valve. Connect the pressure gauge to the
service tool. If using a fuel pressure gauge
with its own adapter, connect it in accordance
with its maker’s instructions.
6 Start the engine and allow it to idle. Note
the gauge reading as soon as the pressure
stabilises, and compare it with the regulated
fuel pressure figures listed in the
Specifications .
a) If the pressure is high, check for a
restricted fuel return line. If the line is
clear, renew the fuel pressure regulator.
b) If the pressure is low, pinch the fuel return
line. If the pressure now goes up, renew the fuel pressure regulator. If the pressure
does not increase, check the fuel feed
line, the fuel pump and the fuel filter.
7 Detach the vacuum hose from the fuel
pressure regulator; the pressure shown on the
gauge should increase. Note the increase in
pressure, and compare it with that listed in the
Specifications . If the pressure increase is not
as specified, check the vacuum hose and
pressure regulator.
8 Reconnect the regulator vacuum hose, and
switch off the engine. Verify that the hold
pressure stays at the specified level for five
minutes after the engine is turned off.
9 Carefully disconnect the fuel pressure
gauge, depressurising the system first as
described in Section 2. Be sure to cover the
fitting with a rag before slackening it. Mop up
any spilt petrol.
10 Run the engine, and check that there are
no fuel leaks.
8 Fuel tank - removal,
inspection and refitting
3
Proceed as described in Part A, Section 8,
but before disconnecting the battery, relieve
the residual pressure in the fuel system (see
Section 2), and equalise tank pressure by
removing the fuel filler cap.
9 Fuel pump/fuel gauge sender unit - removal and
refitting
3
Refer to Part B, Section 9.
10 Fuel tank ventilation tube -
removal and refitting
3
Refer to Part A, Section 10, but note that
the ventilation tube connects to the combined
roll-over/anti-trickle-fill valve assembly but,
instead of venting to atmosphere, a further
tube runs the length of the vehicle to the
evaporative emission control system carbon canister in the front right-hand corner of the
engine compartment.
Further information on the evaporative
emission control system is contained in Part E
of this Chapter.
11 Fuel tank filler pipe -
removal and refitting
3
Refer to Part A, Section 11.
12 Fuel cut-off switch -
removal and refitting
1
Refer to Part B, Section 12.
13 Fuel injection system -
checking
3
Refer to Part B, Section 13
14 Fuel injection system components - removal and
refitting
3
Note: Refer to the warning note in Section 1
before proceeding.
Throttle housing
1 Disconnect the battery negative (earth) lead
(refer to Chapter 5A, Section 1).
2 Remove the air inlet components as
described in Section 4.
3 Disconnect the accelerator cable from the
throttle linkage (see Section 5).
4 Disconnect the throttle position sensor
multi-plug.
5 Unscrew the retaining bolts, and detach the
accelerator cable support bracket at the
throttle housing (see illustration) .
6 Unscrew the throttle housing-to-manifold
retaining bolts (see illustration) , and unbolt
the throttle housing support bracket bolts
(where fitted). Remove the throttle housing
4D•4 Fuel system - sequential electronic fuel injection engines
14.6 Throttle housing retaining bolts
(arrowed)14.5 Unscrew the retaining bolts (arrowed),and detach the accelerator cable support
bracket
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2Fuel loss or fuel odour can be caused by
liquid fuel leaking from fuel lines, a cracked or
damaged canister, an inoperative canister-
purge solenoid valve, or disconnected,
misrouted, kinked or damaged vapour or
control hoses.
3 Inspect each hose attached to the canister
for kinks, leaks and cracks along its entire
length. Repair or renew as necessary.
4 Inspect the canister. If it is cracked or
damaged, renew it. Look for fuel leaking from
the bottom of the canister. If fuel is leaking,
renew the canister, and check the hoses and
hose routing.
5 If the canister-purge solenoid valve is
thought to be faulty, unplug its electrical
connector and disconnect its vacuum hoses.
Connect a battery directly across the valve
terminals. Check that air can flow through the
valve passages when the solenoid is thus
energised, and that nothing can pass when
the solenoid is not energised.
6 Further testing should be left to a dealer
service department.
Component renewal
Charcoal canister-purge solenoid
valve
7 The solenoid is located at or near to the
bulkhead, behind the engine on the right-hand
side (see illustrations) . Locate the solenoid,
then remove any components as necessary to
improve access. 8
Disconnect the battery negative (earth) lead
(refer to Chapter 5A, Section 1), then unplug
the valve’s electrical connector. Unclip the
valve from its location, then disconnect its
vacuum hoses and withdraw it.
9 Refitting is the reverse of the removal
procedure.
Charcoal canister
10 Disconnect the battery negative (earth)
lead (refer to Chapter 5A, Section 1).
11 The canister is located in the front right-
hand corner of the engine compartment.
12 Disconnect the vapour pipe from the unit,
and plug it to prevent the ingress of dirt (see
illustrations)
13 Undo the retaining screw and withdraw
the unit upwards, releasing it from its bracket
(see illustration) .
14 Refit in the reverse order of removal.
Unplug the vapour pipe before reconnecting
it, and ensure that it is clean and securely
connected.
7 Pulse-air system - checking
and component renewal
2
Checking
1 Poor idle, stalling, backfiring and poor
driveability can be caused by a fault in the
pulse-air system. 2
Inspect the vacuum pipe/hose for kinks,
leaks and cracks along its entire length.
Repair or renew as necessary.
3 Inspect the filter housing and piping. If
either is cracked or damaged, renew it.
4 If the pulse-air solenoid valve is thought to
be faulty, unplug its electrical connector and
disconnect its vacuum hoses. Connect a
battery directly across the valve terminals,
and check that air can flow through the valve
passages when the solenoid is thus
energised, and that nothing can pass when
the solenoid is not energised.
5 Further testing should be left to a dealer
service department.
Component renewal
Pulse-air valve, filter and housing
(HCS engines)
6 Disconnect the battery negative (earth) lead
(refer to Chapter 5A, Section 1).
7 Disconnect the vacuum hose from the rear
of the pulse-air valve assembly (see
illustration) .
8 Undo the retaining screws, and withdraw
the air-valve, filter and housing assembly from
the mounting bracket.
9 To dismantle the filter housing, undo the
four screws and separate the top from the
base of the housing; extract the foam filter,
and clean it in a suitable solvent. If any of the
housing’s components are worn or damaged,
the assembly must be renewed.
4E•6 Exhaust and emission control systems
7.7 Location of pulse-air valve (arrowed) (1.3 litre HCS CFi engine models)6.13 Undo the retaining screw and
withdraw the canister upwards, releasing
the tag (arrowed) from its bracket6.12b Canister location and fuel vapourpipe (arrowed) (Zetec engine models)
6.12a Fuel vapour pipe (A) and canister retaining screw (B) (1.4 litre CVH CFi engine models)6.7b Canister purge solenoid valve(arrowed) (Zetec engine models)6.7a Canister purge solenoid valve (A) and multi-plug (B) (1.4 litre CVH CFi engine models)
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